Theme Of Love In Wuthering Heights - 922 Words

Love can take many forms. Sonnet 18, undoubtedly one of Shakespeare’s most famous works and believed to be one of the most famous love poems of all time, illustrates the timelessness and true beauty of love in a natural, pure way. In contrast, Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights takes a far darker, more intense yet somewhat sinister twist when exploring the themes of love, passion and cruelty. One of the greatest love stories in English literature, the love-hate passionate relationship between Cathy and Heathcliff ignites the question of what love really is: â€Å"A bond between them, which interweaves itself with the very nature of their existence† (Beversluis, p.77). The idea of romantic or ‘eternal’ love is a prominent theme in Shakespeare’s†¦show more content†¦This illustration of eternal love truly shows the â€Å"desire to become one with the beloved† (Robinson, p.91). It has been questioned for decades as to whether the relationship between Cathy as Heathcliff could really be described as love, or if the term ‘addiction’ is more appropriately suited. John Beversluis describes this relationship as a sort of â€Å"reciprocal love, a love not merely sexual or romantic, but metaphysical, in character: an ‘affinity’ arising from shared moral response to the world† (Beversluis, p.77). It is evident in the novel that Cathy’s love for Heathcliff becomes â€Å"a source of little visible delight, but necessary† (p.88), showing an unhealthy dictation over her life and providing evidence of this addiction. The wellbeing of the beloved is always put first in a normal, healthy relationship; however, Bronte portrays Cathy as infatuated, illustrating her obsession with Heathcliff at the expense of her own health: â€Å"I am Heathcliff! He’s always, always in my mind: not as a pleasure, any more than I am alwa ys a pleasure to myself, but as my own being† (p.88). In contrast, Shakespeare provides a far more natural depiction of love in Sonnet 18. Instead of love being an addiction, something unhealthy and toxic, he uses personified nature to create a pleasant view on the matter. A semantic field of summer is present in the sonnet; descriptions of the man’s â€Å"goldShow MoreRelatedTheme Of Love In Wuthering Heights786 Words   |  4 PagesEmily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights draws a close line between love and hate as a major theme in the novel. The different sides of love are demonstrated by Bronte through situations that draw upon the nature of being human. The author displays the selfish, destructive and the betrayal side of love between the main character as well as minor characters in the novel and how they are imprisoned by the same recurring cycle. The relationship shared by Heathcliff and Catherine is the most important as itRead MoreThe Themes Of Love In Wuthering Heights By Emily Brontà «706 Words   |  3 PagesIn the novel, Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontà «, the main themes help the reader discover a deeper understanding of the novel as a whole. One of the first important themes of this novel is love. Love plays an immense role throughout the plot, in a nontraditional way. In the beginning of the novel, we notice the growing relationship between Heathcliff and Catherine, and how they become inseparable. No matter what they are doing, they are almost certainly together. However, after their separationRead More Themes of Love and Obsession in Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights820 Words   |  4 PagesThemes of Love and Obsession in Wuthering Heights      Ã‚   My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath: a source of little visible delight, but necessary. Nelly, I am Heathcliff (81) These words, uttered by Catherine, in the novel Wuthering Heights are for me the starting point in my investigation into the themes of love and obsession in the novel. Catherine has just told her housekeeper that she has made up her mind to marry Edgar Linton, although she is well aware that herRead MoreWuthering Heights By Emily Bronte1555 Words   |  7 Pages2015 Wuthering Heights (1847) by Emily Brontà « Introduction The novel Wuthering Heights was written in 1847 by Emily Brontà «. The plot unravels with Lockwood visiting his landlord at Wuthering Heights; as Lockwood stays the night, he starts to discover items within the home and later a fatal vision appears, which causes him great curiosity. Lockwood returns back to his residence at Thrushcross Granges and listens to the history of his landlord, Heathcliff; told by an old servant at Wuthering HeightsRead MoreWuthering Heights By Emily Bronte1350 Words   |  6 Pagessometimes conflicting, genres. Wuthering Heights, written by the famous Emily Brontà «, is one pointed example of a divisive novel in this sense. Although it possesses characteristics of a diverse range of literature, inconsistencies undermine many standard categorizations. Wuthering Heights is far too twisted and its concept of love far too flawed to be a romantic novel, although the saga of Heathcliff and Cathy is undoubtedly a love story. As a whole, Wuthering Heights is bes t described as a GothicRead MoreWuthering Heights by Charlotte Bronte1143 Words   |  5 Pagespreternatural passion that tamer beings can scarcely recognize as love.† (Duclaux) Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontà « is considered a masterpiece today, however when was first published, it received negative criticism for its passionate nature. Critics have studied the novel from every analytical angle, yet it remains one of the most haunting love stories of all time. â€Å"Wuthering Heights is not a comfortable book; it invites admiration rather than love.† (Stoneman) The novel contains several different levelsRead More Comparing the Themes of Wuthering Heights and Of Mice and Men1098 Words   |  5 Pages Comparing the Themes of Wuthering Heights and Of Mice and Men nbsp; nbsp; Wuthering Heights and Of Mice and Men are two novels that were written approximate hundred years apart by different authors living in different time periods. Wuthering Heights, was written by Emily Bronte who lived in England. Of Mice and Men was written by John Steinbeck who lived in California. Although they were written by different authors of different background, time, and place. One could neverthelessRead MoreThe Meaning of Revenge within Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte902 Words   |  4 PagesThe Meaning of Revenge within Wuthering Heights      The novel â€Å"Wuthering Heights† is about an orphan was raised within the mansion Wuthering height, who grows up and end up loving his childhood friends that is an upper-class girl. For the love of his life he faces a lot of consequences due to society’s view on both of their status. Revenge plays a huge role which is the main theme of the plot line. In the story â€Å"Wuthering Heights† Emily Bronte discuss the idea of revenge; she explains how aRead MoreWuthering Heights By Emily Bronte1099 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Wuthering Heights† is the epitome of classical literature written by Emily Bronte in 1847. This masterpiece unfolds the story of two lovers, Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff and how their intense love for each other succumbed to revenge. The novel centralises around the theme of revenge through the use of gothic elements. Gothic Literature and is a combination of fiction, horror and romanticism. Wuthering Heights effectively empl oys gothic literature elements to emphasis the characters, plotRead MoreAnalysis Of Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights 1589 Words   |  7 PagesVictoria Embry Outside Reading Analysis Wuthering Heights Tramel – 2nd period November 4, 2016 Introduction The self-consuming nature of passion is mutually destructive and tragic. The gothic Victorian novel, Wuthering Heights, was written by Emily Bronte and published in 1847 where Bronte challenges ideas of religious hypocrisy, social classes, gender inequality and mortality. Wuthering Heights was first ill received being too much removed from the ordinary reality in the mid-nineteenth-century;

Comparing Daisy Buchanan of The Great Gatsby and Brett of...

Daisy Buchanan of The Great Gatsby and Brett Ashley of The Sun Also Rises Written right after the publication of Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises is apparently influenced in many ways. The most obvious of Fitzgeralds influence is manifested in Hemingways portrayal of his heroine, Brett Ashley. Numerous critics have noted and discussed the similarities between Brett and Daisy Buchanan, and rightly so; but the two women also have fundamental differences. Compared to Daisy, Brett is a more rounded, complex character, and Hemingway has treated her with more sympathy than Fitzgerald has with Daisy. Some similarities between Brett Ashley and Daisy Buchanan include their physical beauty, their†¦show more content†¦Gatsby sinks into it, allowing his imagination to exaggerate until finally, The colossal vitality of his illusion †¦ had gone beyond her, beyond everything. He had thrown himself into it with a creative passion, adding to it all the time, decking it out with every bright feather that drifted his way. No amount of fire or freshness can challenge what a man will store up in his ghostly heart (101). That dream is also empty because Daisy is empty. Fitzgerald depicts her as an empty, useless and dependent female who ultimately lacks definition. Whereas Gatsby works to pursue Daisy, Nick has a regular job, and even Jordan has her tournaments; Daisy does not have a purpose, a profession, or even a talent for anything. Her purposelessness is apparent in this scene with Jordan Baker: We ought to plan something, yawned Miss Baker, sitting down at the table as if she were getting into bed. All right, said Daisy. Whatll we plan? She turned to me helplessly. What do people plan? (16) More literally, Daisy ruins Gatsby by killing Myrtle Wilson and letting him take the blame for it, thus ultimately causing his death. Of course, one may argue that Gatsby himself is willing to take the blame for her: Was Daisy driving? Yes, he said after a moment, but of course Ill say I was. (151) But Gatsby is willing to take the responsibility because

Strategic Analysis (SWOT, Porter and PESTEL) of Goldman Sachs Free Essays

string(241) " everything we do we make an unusual effort to identify and recruit the very best person for the job we offer our people th opportunity to move ahead more rapidly than is possible at most other places we stress teamwork in everything we do\." Introduction Background Goldman Sachs is a global investment banking, securities and investments managements firm that provide financial services to a substantial and diversified client base, includes corporations, financial institutions, governments and high-net worth individuals. Goldman Sachs was founded in 1869 by Marcus Goldman who was a German immigrant to the United State of America (USA). Mr Goldman started his business as a Major issue of short-term loan (Commercial paper) to entrepreneurs in the USA. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Analysis (SWOT, Porter and PESTEL) of Goldman Sachs or any similar topic only for you Order Now Goldman Sachs joined the New York Stock Exchange in 1896 and then in 1986 the firm joined London and Tokyo stock exchanges. Goldman Sachs headquarters are located in New York and has offices in London, Frankfurt, Tokyo, Hong Kong and other major financial centres around the world. Goldman Sachs has around 35,700 employees, and the firm generated a total annual revenue of $39.161 billion in 2010.The firm is heavily involved in recruiting top graduates from leading business schools around the world and most of its ex-employers are holding top management jobs in governments around the World. Goldman Sachs Group in a nutshell INDUSTRYBankingFinancial Services REVENUE(2010)$39.161 billion FOUNDED1869OPERATING INCOME(2010)$12.892 billion FOUNDERMarcus GoldmanNET INCOME(2010)$8.354 billion HEADQUARTERSNew York CityTOTAL ASSETS(2010)$911.000 billion EMPLOYEES(2010)35,700TOTAL EQUITY(2010)$74.257 billion Transition of the orientations 1.) Pre-2007 Sales Orientation Goldman Sachs is a service company which was more focused on Investment Banking activities, the firm had a huge reputation of being a risk taking company and not a customer focused company. The firm’s senior partner Guy Levy was once credited with a company’s philosophy of being ‘long- term greedy’ Endlich, L. (1999)which simply meaning that the Goldman Sachs was more interested and focused in making money over the long term and any trading losses in the short term were never to be worried about. At Goldman Sachs customer were never been put into the centre of the company’s strategy, the firm was more focused on sales and profits. Jobber explained that ‘A sales-orientated company has little focus on customer needs and wants, and does not try hard to create products or services that are suitable for their customers needs’. Jobber, D. (2007) This sales strategy had put Goldman Sachs into the highlight of the media during 2007, and the firm has been heavily criticised with many financial issues, the major issue being the America’s sub-prime mortgage crisis. Despite the mortgage crisis Goldman Sachs was able to profit from the collapse in subprime mortgage bonds by short-selling subprime mortgage -backed securities. The firm initially avoided large subprime write downs and achieved a net profit due to significant losses on non-prime securitised loans being offset by gains on short mortgage positions.(The telegraph) Its sizeable profits made during the initial subprime mortgage crisis led the New York Time to proclaim that Goldman Sachs is without peer in the world of finance. As the crisis was begun to unravel the firm’s image and reputation was badly damaged to the extent that an article in The Telegraph Newspaper quoting Rolling Stone magazine comparesGoldman Sachs with nothing else but a ‘Vampir e squid wrapped around the face of humanity relentlessly jamming its blood funnel into anything that smells like money’(The telegra 2.) Current Marketing Orientation Goldman Sachs realized that its sales approach didn’t do any good for the company and there is a crucial need to focus into a marketing orientation strategy. As one of the firm’s partners was quoted in the Telegraph saying that: ‘Only looking back could we see the real risk, the risk of arrogance. We didn’t see it then, but it was there and it was growing. The firm was at the top. We had always been the best– always the top students and the best athletes and the class leaders. And now we were the best firm – in our self-appraisal. But that was the first step towards arrogance.’ (Wilson, H.(2010) The bank that thought it rules the world. The Daily Telegraph London. 19 April, pp 19) According to Jobber, D, (2007) Marketing orientated companies are best described as those which focus on customer needs and do recognize when change is needed. Goldman Sachs is currently trying hard to clean up its image and is more focused into marketing, society and ethical issues. The firm is more involved into helping and giving back to the society that it has once been involved on damaging. The firm has understood the importance of consumer right issues and it has been stressed by Jobber that: ‘Consumer has the right to expect the product to be safe, for its performance to be asexpected and for communication of the product to be truthful and not misleading’. Jobber, D. (2007) Jobber’s words above can be linked into the quote from Goldman Sachs website saying that: Goldman Sachs as a global financial institution has understood the need to protect,preserve and promote human right around the world and has accepted that it istheir responsibility to bring positive impact on economic, social and environmental challenges that are facing society today.( Goldman Sachs web site). Goldman Sachs has 14 clear operating business principles that outlined on the company’s website with a slogan saying ‘Progress is everyone’s business ‘.But it has given more emphasise to its very first business principle as being the value to their client, ’our client interest always comes first, our experience shows that if we serve our clientswell, our own success will follow’ {After the diagram the above looked odd, so we can replace the above highlighted part with the one below, } Goldman Sachs has 14 operating business principles listed on their website. We have handpicked few of them which we think will play a very important role in their current marketing orientation. {Feel free to add/edit any principle which you think is more relevant} Other 13th Goldman Sachs Business principles are as follow; Our assets are our people, capital and reputation Our goal is to provide superior returns to our shareholders We take great pride in the professional quality of our work We stress creativity and imagination in everything we do we make an unusual effort to identify and recruit the very best person for the job we offer our people th opportunity to move ahead more rapidly than is possible at most other places we stress teamwork in everything we do. The dedication of our people We consider our size an asset that we try hard to preserve We constantly strive to anticipate the rapidly changing needs of our clients and to develop new service to meet those needs We regularly receive confidential information as part of our normal client relationships Our business is highly competitive, and we aggressively seek to expand our client relationships integrity and honesty are at the heart of our business. {References for these and a better way of presenting them} NEWSPAPER (Wilson, H.(2010) The bank that thought it rules the world. The Daily Telegraph London. 19 April, pp 19). Arlidge, J.(2009) I’m doing ‘God’s work’ meet Mr Goldman Sachs. The Sunday Times on line. 8 November, Visited on 12 March 2011. BOOKS Jobber D.(2007) Principles and Practice of Marketing. Mc Graw Hill. 5th edition. Endlich, L (1999) Goldman Sachs- The culture of success. Little brown Company. Section 2 – Audit of the Organization Defining Marketing Audit In words of David Jobber- ‘ The marketing audit is a systematic examination of a business’s marketing environment , objectives, strategies and activities with a view to identifying key strategic issues, problem areas and opportunities.’ The Aim of Marketing Audit It will provide us with an in depth view of existing marketing practices used by Goldman Sachs. It can be used as a baseline for performance measurements to maximize positive external perception. As the customers’ preferences and requirement keep on changing and so are the marketing trends, it will provide us an interim report card on the company’s performance level. It will highlight the key problem areas like Weaknesses and Threats for Goldman Sachs and can help invent strategies to overcome them by using their strengths and possible opportunities. It will help to assess the importance of macroeconomic factors by analyzing the extent of their impact on Goldman Sachs’s operating scenario. Understanding Marketing Environment for Goldman Sachs at Micro and Macro Levels It is very important that an organization considers its environment before beginning the marketing process. In fact, environmental analysis should be continuous and feed all aspects of planning. The organization’s marketing environment is made up of: Microenvironment ‘It is the immediate environment that affects its capability to operate efficiently in its chosen markets’. Jobbers Following are the main components of Goldman Sachs Microenvironment The Companies Internal Environment Goldman Sachs is extremely selective when it comes to the resources. It is a well known fact they employ the Best Brains in the Industry and their resources are claimed to be one of the main assets that the Company has, the other 2 being capital and reputation. Suppliers/Vendors Goldman Sachs believes that by broadening its supplier base it will gain access to new ideas, increase competition and receive better value for money. To qualify as a vendor to Goldman Sachs, prospective suppliers are evaluated on several criteria, including: quality products and services excellent customer service competitive pricing ability to assist us in meeting our business goals environmental and social impact. http://www.realising-potential.org/stakeholder-factbox/suppliers/ Customers Goldman Sachs customers include high-net-worth individuals, Corporations, Financial Institutions, Institutional Investment Consultants, Insurance Companies Multi-Employer/Union Benefit Plans, Not-for-Profit Institutions, Public Pension Funds. Competitors The major direct market competitors for Goldman Sachs include JPMorgan Chase Co, Merrill Lynch Co. and Morgan Stanley whereas; Bank of America Securities LLC, Deutsche Bank AG etc also compete with Goldman Sachs in terms of Investment Banking. The macro-environment Macro-environment It comprises of a number of broader forces that affect not only Goldman Sachs but other microeconomic factors corresponding to the firm. The components are Demographic forces/ Social/Cultural Forces Consideration of demographic changes is a commendable exhibition of business farsightedness by Goldman Sachs. A lot of vigilance and effort has been incorporated to enumerate the consequences of possible changes regarding to the population like the purchasing drifts, spending patterns, inclination towards certain specific classes of financial services. Also, Goldman Sachs strives to leverage what it calls the most underutilized asset for any country –women. â€Å"Womenomics† demonstrates how a country can unleash its economic potential – and increase its long-term growth and prosperity – by employing more women and narrowing the employment gap between men and women. http://www2.goldmansachs.com/ideas/demographic-change/demographic-dynamics-doc.pdf http://www2.goldmansachs.com/ideas/demographic-change/womenomics-2011/index.html Economic Forces These factors would include changes in interest rates, unemployment, inflation overall economic growth and exchange rates. All these factors have a significant impact on the performance of Goldman Sachs. http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199296378/01student/additional/page_12.htm Political Forces Goldman Sachs’s close connection with the US government has been an issue of economists’ concern since the Wall Street Subprime Incidence of 2007. A Lot of employees of Goldman Sachs were appointed by the US Government at powerful posts of Treasury and Federal Reserve Players. Macro-environment (cont.) Technological Forces The technology infrastructure for Goldman Sachs is indeed sound having in view its impact on the cost and the quality of the services offered to the clients. ‘Our technology footprint is primarily driven by business growth and regulatory obligations’. Goldman Sachs is bound to use the latest technology like computers with fast microprocessors to meet the computational requirements and to provide internet based services to their clients. However, compliance of maintaining standard technology footprints is one of the major responsibilities that cannot be over ruled. http://www2.goldmansachs.com/citizenship/environment/env-progress-2009.pdf Natural Forces Global Warming, Climate Changes, renewable energy issues, carbon footprint and attention to clean energy are some of the natural forces that require attention from the environmental point of view. Goldman Sachs’ Environmental Policy Framework embodies their commitment to finding effective, market-based solutions to address climate change, ecosystem degradation and other critical environmental issues, and to creating new business opportunities that benefit the environment. The above diagram shows the carbon emissions from Goldman Sachs hub offices, central offices and data centers. The firm has tried to maintain its carbon emissions in the central and hub offices. The data centers show an increased carbon emission every year, the same is accounted for elevated computational requirements and internet services for the clients. http://www2.goldmansachs.com/citizenship/environment/env-progress-2009.pdf SWOT ANALYSIS GOLDMAN SACHS ‘A critical set of steps in a planning exercise is to perform internal assessments (including an analysis of performance against previous plan) and external assessments (including an analysis of the operating environment) that result in the identification of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities.’ www.unisa.edu.au/pas/qap/planning/glossary.asp SWOT MATRIX FOR GOLDMAN SACHS Environmental Factors Own/Internal Factors External Opportunities – International Expansion- Emerging Markets- Cross Selling Opportunities – Industry Consolidation – Reduced Competition- rivals bankruptcy External Threats– Credit Market Crisis- High attrition Rates- Mortgage Issues – Increase in Interest Rates – Government Intervention Own Strengths -Global Market Leader, Brand Establishment-International Reach-Best Brains resource infrastructure -Innovative Work Culture -Government Support SO Strategies-International Expansion in emerging markets.-Using Government Support for Industry ConsolidationSE Strategies– Risk/Crisis Management Measures using the resource intellect-Security Planning against Subprime Mortgage. Own Weaknesses – Concentrated in Few Key Products-High Attrition Rates-Blotted Public Image (Subprime Mortgage Fraud) – Low perception of Social Responsibility OW Strategies -Diversification of the products-Education, social investments, community involvementTW Strategies -Increased job security for resources-Using Government support to survive the Subprime Mortgage Crisis. Strengths Global Market Leader Brand Name Being in a leading position and the brand value that it has earned in the market have brought many benefits to Goldman Sachs. – Higher margins, because it charges premium prices for goods since customers perceive a higher standard of quality from companies with strong brands. -Ability to raise debt at lower cost. -Because of its established Brand Image, Goldman Sachs has a more stable business than its competitors and is more likely to acquire other businesses as opportunities. International Reach The international reach of Goldman Sachs has a big advantage over rivals especially when its clients conduct a lot of business in different countries. For instance, majority of business travellers need to access their money in another country. They prefer a bank/investment firm that has branches in that country, rather than working with a third party, which will increase they fees and lower their productivity. Global access of Goldman Sachs means that a consumer from one country can feel comfortable banking at any of its branch across the world. Non global companies can’t match these advantages; therefore, Goldman Sachs has strong advantages over rivals. Best Brains and strong resource infrastructure According to Warren Buffett, ‘Goldman has the best brains in the business.’ This statement implies that they have a better risk management, quicker and more effective action on the opportunities received and a strong market position. The recent most evidence is that even ‘Subprime Mortgage Meltdown’ case with the SEC and the new financial regulation reform has failed to dent these assets. In addition to having the best people, Goldman Sachs has a clear, well distributed corporate structure. Divisions Finance Global Compliance Global Investment Research Human Capital Management Internal Audit Investment Banking Investment Management Legal Merchant Banking/Private Equity Operations Securities Services Technology Advisory Services Insurance Strategy Global Portfolio Solutions Customized Beta Strategies Innovative Culture Goldman Sachs strives to maintain an innovative culture which effects production of new and inventive products. An innovative culture has helped in boosting Goldman Sachs’ brand value, because consumers start associating its brand name with the latest products. These products, besides providing the brand boost, have helped Goldman Sachs to stay competitive in the ever expanding markets. Possessing the best quality product in one segment directly helps Goldman Sachs to gain a better market share in that segment. Weaknesses Concentrated in Few Key Products/key clients The fact that Goldman Sachs lacks diversification is considerably risky, because if one or more of its main products collapses, then the business could face serious issues or maybe even bankruptcy. Also, loss of one client who is using multiple services of Goldman Sachs would eventually lead to loss of a considerable amount of business to it. Low perception of Social Responsibility/ Blotted Public Image As per the ranking released by Fortune, Goldman Sachs stands 7th in the Social Responsibility which depicts the fact that it undermines social cause to a large extent when compared to other aspects of business like People Management and Financial Soundness where it ranks 1st and second respectively. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/mostadmired/2011/snapshots/10777.html The Subprime Mortgage Incidence/ SEC lawsuit against Goldman Sachs April 16, 2010, the SEC filed a lawsuit against Goldman Sachs for selling an asset to banks whose returns depended on a group of home mortgages being repaid by home loan borrowers. The alleged fraud foundation laid in the fact that Goldman Sachs did not inform the banks that those specific subprime mortgages were recommended by another Goldman Sachs customer. And that same customer planned to bet against the same mortgages ever being paid by the home loan borrowers. The public stance for this fraud was -Hosting a poker game for your friends knowing the dealer was bringing stacked cards and not at least informing your friends of the dealer’s intention. Opportunities International Expansion Strong international presence and expansion should increase growth and profits. Expansion over abroad brings synergies to a company, because they would have a larger customer base. Expansion leads to more financial stability, because while one country may suffer economically, other countries may not have the same issues. Additionally, expansion could help a company discover synergies in marketing expenses and new ideas – through experimentation – that may work well in one market. Emerging Markets Demand from emerging markets is helping growth and margins. Emerging markets create new opportunities to expand products from the developed world. Paper products, computer services and other industries will all benefit as emerging countries increase demand for industrial and agricultural products. Cross Selling Opportunities Goldman Sachs has many related business lines; they have the opportunity to cross sell to consumers who arrive for one specific need, but leave with many different products and services. Cross selling is particularly lucrative, because it will allow Goldman Sachs to earn extra money from consumers without having to specifically target them with advertising or other promotional material. Explanation Consolidating Industry Goldman Sachs provides advice on a diverse range of strategic transactions, including mergers, sell-side and buy-side advisories, leveraged buy-outs, joint ventures, strategic alliances, anti-raid and raid defenses, fairness opinions and spin-offs, split-offs, divestitures and other restructurings. Goldman Sachs has been offering its merger advisory services since 1997. Some of its major instances are listed below -: Altria, on its spin-off of Philip Morris International ($113bn), 2008 Pfizer, on its acquisition of Wyeth ($64bn), 2009 Schering-Plough, on its sale to Merck Co. ($46bn), 2009 http://www2.goldmansachs.com/services/advising/mergers-and-acquisitions/products-and-expertise.html Reduced Competition after Wall Street Collapse Reduced competition from an economic slowdown and competitor bankruptcies should increase the profit margins of all firm who avoid bankruptcy. Less competition means higher prices and more money for remaining competitors. Include any journal reference for this incidence Threats Credit Market Crisis ‘Goldman Sachs had slumped into the red and its effort to defy the credit crunch had been futile. It revealed a fourth-quarter loss of $2.12bn (?1.38bn) today. It still achieved a $2.32bn profit for the full year to November, but this was sharply lower than last year’s $11.6bn.’ http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2008/dec/16/goldman-sachs-loss The credit market crisis increases the cost of borrowing for financial firms. This increasing cost lowers margins and decreases the free cash flow to shareholders. As free cash flow rises, so does the value of the firm. If costs are high, then loan growth slows down and further weakens cash flow for the business. http://www2.goldmansachs.com/ideas/global-economic-outlook/perspectives-on-market-conditions.pdf Risk of High Attrition Rates High attrition rates can be a problem, especially if Goldman Sachs’ best talent is leaving for other opportunities. Employee attrition means a company must go through the expense of hiring new employees, training those employees, and finding the right niche for them in an organization. When these employees move to other firms, they take their knowledge and expertise with them. Mortgage Issues Though Goldman Sachs managed to escape the Subprime Mortgage Crisis, still the potential threat of losses on outstanding mortgage obligations could force bankruptcy and a government takeover. This means that the existing equity investments in the Goldman Sachs will stand worthless. Mortgage loans are not worth what was paid for them, but their value remains uncertain in the market. Apart from increasing uncertainty risk for the company, they also increase the discount rate applied to future cash flow. Thus the net value of the stock is reduced. Sharp Rise in Interest Rates A sharp rise in interest rates (most likely to stop inflation) seriously damages the profit margins of businesses like Goldman Sachs that rely on raising money to finance their expenses. A rise in rates would most likely hurt the financial sector, which profits from borrowing money at low rates and lending it out at higher rates. PEST ANALYSIS PEST analysis stands for ‘Political, Economic, Social, and Technological analysis’ and describes a framework of macro-environmental factors used in the environmental scanning component of strategic management. It is a part of the external analysis when conducting a strategic analysis or doing market research, and gives an overview of the different macro environmental factors that a company has to take into consideration Political Factors. The political arena has a huge influence upon the regulation of businesses, and the spending power of consumers and other businesses. US Government and Goldman Sachs – 1-There can be no doubt that Goldman owes its uncanny success as much to its political connections as to its financial acumen. As long as that remains the case, Goldman will doubtless remain on top, to the perplexity of those who fail to grasp the significance of the Goldman Sachs-D.C. pipeline. Only by restoring the wall of separation between Wall Street and Washington, forcing investment firms like Goldman Sachs to stand or fall on their own merits, can America’s financial sector shake off the taint of political cronyism that men like Sidney Weinberg were happy to encourage. http://www.thenewamerican.com/index.php/economy/sectors-mainmenu-46/4025-the-government-and-goldman-sachs 2-As the New York Times explained last October, the presence of Goldman Sachs alumni in virtually all of the top government financial posts is so great that their team is dubbed â€Å"Government Sachs†. The New York Times pointed out that Goldman alums include: Former treasury secretary Hank Paulson Paulson’s bailout chief Neel Kashkari Interim Treasury investment officer Reuben Jeffrey Key Treasury players Dan Jester, Steve Shafran, Edward C. Forst, and Robert K. Steel Key New York Federal Reserve players Stephen Friedman (head of the New York Fed board of governors, who sat on Goldman’s board and owned a substantial stake in Goldman while he was making official decisions) Head of the New York Fed’s unit that buys and sells government securities William C. Dudley and E. Gerald Corrigan (charged with convening a group to analyze risk on Wall Street) http://georgewashington2.blogspot.com/2009/04/does-goldman-sachs-rule-world.html Economic Factors. For a firm like Goldman Sachs which focuses on international marketing, the marketers need to consider the state of a trading economy both in the short and long-terms. 1.) Implications of Inflation in US and UK -The investors belief in US is that unprecedented fiscal and monetary stimulus can lead to US Dollar depreciation and higher inflation. – In the United Kingdom, the investors fear that the bank of England’s reluctance to raise the interest rates might act as a catalyst for inflation. Inflation is the greatest concern when we talk about investments like pension funds and related endowments. Current Goldman Sachs strategy for these countries- Inflation Linked bonds Inflation linked bonds, also termed as ‘linkers’ are high quality securities issues mostly by governments that provide income and total return which adjusts itself to keep up with the inflation rates. Inflation-linked bonds, such as US Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS) and UK inflation-linked Gilts, can help hedge this risk because their principal is adjusted to reflect changes in inflation. Following is an illustration of how inflation linked bonds will provide the return, taking principal amount of 100 million Dollars. http://www2.goldmansachs.com/gsam/docs/instgeneral/general_materials/primer/reference_guide_to_inflation-linked_bonds.pdf Implications for unemployment – The impact of unemployment on the performance of Goldman Sachs can be understood with a simple example that if any firm is running at its full capacity, there is more pricing power for business. If there are no unemployed workers, Goldman Sachs will have to pay more to hire a worker away from someone else, often called ‘Poaching’. So far, Goldman Sachs has been quite accurate in its predictions regarding the unemployment scenario. Below are the illustrations. http://www2.goldmansachs.com/gsam/docs/fundsgeneral/general_education/economic_and_market_perspectives/wp_economic_outlook.pdf 2. Long-term prospects for the economy Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita The Goldman Sachs Commerce Department timely reviews the current economic environment, tailwinds that could support the recovery and potential risks for the economy. Then it provides a summary of our projections for the economy in the coming year. Sociocultural Factors. The social and cultural influences on business vary from country to country. It is very important that such factors are considered. Factors include: Investing in a clean energy future Each of our businesses has an important role to play in furthering market-based solutions to meet the environmental and societal challenges we face. To encourage the responsible flow of capital, have a positive impact on the communities where our clients and we do business, and drive attractive returns for our shareholders, we look for opportunities to invest in and finance transactions that have social and environmental benefits. We take the same disciplined approach to these investments and market opportunities as we do with our traditional investments and markets: all must meet the interests of our clients and generate long-term value for our shareholders. The guidance provided by our Framework helps us to evaluate market opportunities across our business activities and areas. Since the inception of the Framework in November 2005, we have invested nearly $3 billion in clean energy, providing critical funding that these emerging industries need to ramp up and achieve the economies of scale that will help them become cost-competitive. In 2009, we: †¢ Significantly expanded our investments in solar energy with the acquisition of Sunray Energy, Inc., through our subsidiary Cogentrix Energy. Sunray owns and operates Solar Energy Generation Systems I and II (SEGS I II), the first two utility scale solar trough plants in the world, which have a capacity of approximately 43 megawatts and deliver electricity to Southern California Edison. We are in the process of implementing a capital investment program to retrofit and upgrade the delivery capability that will enhance the efficiency and reliability of Sunray’s solar installations. †¢ Signed a power purchase agreement to construct and operate a wind project in Puerto Rico. The power plant will have a capacity of 50 megawatts. †¢ Continued to develop run-of-river hydroelectric projects. As a result of the ongoing developments, we recently completed our first run-of-river hydroelectric generating plant that has 23 megawatt capacity. Three additional run-of-river hydroelectricity projects are under development totaling 165 megawatts. †¢ Continued to actively pursue solar development projects in the southwest U.S., which have enabled us to put into an advanced stage of development 120 megawatts of solar energy as of mid?2010. †¢ Increased our investments in solar photovoltaic cell manufacturers Suniva and SpectraWatt, building on our initial investments in 2008. †¢ Became a founding member of the Green Exchangeâ„ ¢ venture, which trades environmental futures, options and swap contracts for markets focused on solutions to climate, renewable energy and other environmental challenges. This new exchange offers effective and innovative financial tools to consumers, industrials, project developers, investors and others who wish to participate in these developing markets. This builds on earlier investments that aim to build market infrastructure for environmental commodities, such as APX and Markit. Technological Factors. Technology is vital for competitive advantage, and is a major driver of globalization. Managing technology footprint Goldman Sachs takes a multifaceted approach to sustainability with our technology, a significant component of their operations. Our technology footprint is primarily driven by business growth (the need for more computation) and regulatory obligations. In response, we have adopted three principles that help us make commercially sound decisions while minimizing our environmental impact. 1. Influence vendors to provide products and approaches that reduce or maintain levels of energy consumption and/or increase utilization, including: †¢ Lower energy-demand computer chips. †¢ V irtualization software for increased utilization. We also encourage companies to invest in virtualization to foster market competition and increased functionality. †¢ Denser, high-performance disks. †¢ More efficient network switches and increased use of PoE (Power over Ethernet) technology. 2. Influence engineered solutions that maximize resource efficiency: †¢ Encourage hardware manufacturers to reduce system-wide energy use. †¢ Encourage more energy-efficient hardware designs, such as variable speed fans and power systems that distribute resilience at appropriate levels. †¢ Work with established and start-up vendors to develop functionality to support the management of technology capacity across compute farms, extending the capability of our global server footprint. †¢ Increase the use of employee-owned remote-access technology (handheld, home office or laptop) for corporate purposes through investment in Software as a Service, desktop virtualization and enterprise security. †¢ Make significant investments in our virtual desktop infrastructure to:  » Reduce power and cooling needs.  » Reduce the need for dedicated remote access servers, workstations and laptops for Business Continuity Planning.  » Increase trading floor seating density to reduce the overall number of floors and associated power costs. 3. Drive internal behavior to incorporate sustainability firm wide by: †¢ Defining a system architecture that significantly increases utilization. †¢ Designing a Holistic Data Center that minimizes energy requirements at any given level of business function. †¢ Reducing server purchases and related energy consumption by using the contingency of our server farms to offset ad hoc demand, managing their capacity to maximize utilization and applying an upgrade-in-place philosophy. †¢ Including space and energy consumption in the managed costs of our servers. †¢ Implementing a structured server reuse program, instead of automatically discarding old servers and upgrading to new ones COGENTRIX- generating power more efficiently Cogentrix is a Goldman Sachs subsidiary and a US-based independent power producer. As of 2009 year-end, Cogentrix had minority interests in 13 power plants and full ownership in four plants. The portfolio consists of a balanced mix of power facilities, including highly efficient gas-fired combined-cycle, rapid-start peaking, solar thermal and more efficient coal-fired power plants. Together these plants have a total generation capacity of approximately 3,350 megawatts. http://www2.goldmansachs.com/citizenship/environment/env-progress-2009.pdf Analysis of the Marketing Mix Marketing’s purpose is ‘the achievement of corporate goals through meeting and exceeding customer needs and expectations better than the competition’ (Jobber, 2007). Goldman Sachs is classified as a company whose services are directed at intangible assets (Lovelock, 1983). The service industry augments the marketing mix, the tool used in achieving customer satisfaction and competitive advantage, above the traditional 4p’s of Product, Price, Place and Promotion with People, Physical Experience and Process. An effective marketing mix should be well blended; matching customer needs with corporate resources and create a competitive advantage. We will identify, describe and evaluate Goldman Sachs’ effectiveness in key areas as they relate to our own internal and external audit. Spotts and Weinberger (2008) identified that corporations with high brand evaluations are more susceptible to publicity, both positive and negative. This publicity has a direct effect on the Corporate Brand Opinion and the Corporate Reputation. Fortune (2011) magazine lists Goldman Sachs in the top 50 most admired companies. Therefore, the negative publicity Goldman Sachs received in the wake of the global financial crisis should cause some concern for the effect on its corporate reputation. Being referred to as a ‘vampire squid wrapped around the face of humanity’ is not a sign of positive brand opinion. Analysis of the Marketing Mix (cont.) Goldman Sachs long standing company and brand history allow it weather the effects of the crisis well. However, they have not ignored the potential problems of continued bad publicity and have launched a new set of marketing efforts in response. On Fortune’s list, Goldman Sachs was top two in their industry in all categories (innovation, people, global strategy, etc.) except for social responsibility, where they ranked seventh out of ten. Their new marketing efforts specifically target this deficiency and encompass key pieces of the marketing mix, while meeting corporate goals. Product Goldman Sachs has changed its product offering to include more socially responsible initiatives. They have expanded their core competency of business advising to include environmental markets and their core competency of asset management to include emerging markets. In addition, Goldman Sachs has opened a range of services in the United States under the heading ‘Citizenship’. These services include investment and development for women and small business owners, respectively titled the ’10,000 Women’ and ’10,000 Small Businesses’ initiatives. The company also no longer offers securitised derivatives in the United States. Environmental Market Services Traditionally, marketing using the environment has been primarily in the manufacturing industries. Recently, there has been a gradual shift in emphasis of green advertising from business to consumer buyers (Leonidou and Leonidou, 2009 ) placing a higher importance on service firms like Goldman Sachs to respond to the pressures from government and other stakeholders. Goldman Sachs Environmental Markets Group deals with all facets of environment and business. They invest in clean energy companies, trade in environmental commodities, offer environmental advisement, and insure their own company meets environmental standards. Goldman Sachs also has a set of guidelines they use for every deal or transaction they undertake. These guidelines are referred to as the ‘Environmental Framework’. The first line on that section of the website states that ‘a healthy global environment supports the growth of economies and communities’.We note that economic growth is listed before communal growth. Effective marketing must meet company objectives. The new products in Environmental Markets align with the corporate slogan ‘Progress is Everyone’s Business’ and meet the corporate objective of wealth building through effective investment. Our concern is that while these services are designed to increase Goldman Sachs corporate reputation, they do not directly address the true reason for the low scores in social responsibility. Goldman Sachs complicity in securitising predatory mortgages and subsequent complacency after realising the financial dangers is why the public rates them as an irresponsible company. We recommend that in addition to the offer of environmental advising services, that Goldman Sachs install new metrics to rate the effectiveness in public opinion of the firm. Asset Management Emerging Markets Goldman Sachs has begun expanding their asset management business into emerging markets such as India and China. In the United States, giving economic assistance to these nations is a common way of appearing socially responsible. However, while assisting newly developing countries with investment advising is seen as culturally helpful, Goldman Sachs new services are targeted only at the wealthiest individuals in the country. Product (cont.) Asset management is most easily described as full service investment advice. Goldman Sachs efforts are primarily focused on reaching out to current advisors in the emerging markets, and training them on Goldman Sachs products and services. This type of expansion is much different than investing in the regions. In our analysis, we identified wealth management and global presence as strengths for Goldman Sachs already. Therefore, while these new services are useful for Goldman Sachs to increase profit, they do little to address the weaknesses or threats that the corporation faces. We recommend that they continue to offer asset management in emerging markets, but do not consider them an effective part of their new marketing strategy. One of the key definitions of a service firm is that the product is variable. This variability needs to be carefully controlled when dealing with foreign markets. We caution Goldman Sachs to be cognisant that investment regulations may be looser in emerging markets and to maintain their focus on being cautious and responsible with customer’s investments. 10,000 Women Goldman Sachs has taken a recent interest in changing their male dominated employee and customer image. They have increased the number of female Managing Directors by 12% from 2001 to 2009 (Fortune, 2011) and have begun an investment and education initiative in woman owned businesses in the United States and around the globe, referred to as the ’10,000 Women’ programme. 10,000 women is a five year initiative that combines business investing with education. Goldman Sachs has partnered with 70 academic and non-profit organisations to provide education and funding to women in business. It reflects an overall corporate commitment to diversity and support of economic growth in underappreciated markets. The 10,000 Women initiative directly addresses the weaknesses we identified of not having a diverse product set. Though they are reaching a different demographic than usual, they remain in line with the company objectives of investment and progress. We recommend that Goldman Sachs continue the 10,000 Women programme. 10,000 Small Businesses Growth in the small business sector has a direct positive effect on the overall economy. Over 60% of all new jobs in the United States are in small businesses (U.S. Economic Census, 2007). In a similar initiative to the 10,000 Women (both under the ‘Citizenship’ banner), Goldman Sachs is also investing heavily in United States Small businesses. Product (cont.) The 10,000 Small Businesses program includes several dimensions. It includes investment in local academic institutions for practical business education to the selected owners. It also includes Goldman Sachs directly providing capital to the approved small businesses to help them grow and develop. Goldman Sachs will also offer advising to any small businesses that are a part of the initiative in order to help them maximise profitability. 10,000 Small Businesses diversifies Goldman Sachs product offerings as recommended in the SWOT Analysis. Also, small businesses account for 64% of the layoffs in the current recession (U.S. Economic Census, 2007) so these services directly affect a demographic that was negatively impacted by the credit crisis. In addition, it also follows the Goldman Sachs corporate objectives. We recommend they continue with the 10,000 Small Businesses. Goldman Sachs lists the 10,000 Small Businesses and 10,000 Women under the category of ‘Citizenship’. This category is primarily made up of philanthropic initiatives. However, neither of these measures is purely philanthropic as there is an expected return on the investment that Goldman Sachs is making. It is confusing to consumers when a service product is listed with the charitable causes. We strongly recommend that Goldman Sachs move these two programmes under the title of ‘Services’ moving forward so they are not falsely misinterpreted as charities. Securitised Derivatives One of the largest culprits in the recent financial crisis was securitised derivatives that were financed with sub-prime mortgages (New York Times, 2007). Goldman Sachs was an active trader in securitised derivatives and as we looked at before, their participation is the main reason for their low image of corporate responsibility. By no longer offering securitised derivatives in the United States (they are still available in some EU countries, though presumably not financed with sub-prime mortgages) Goldman Sachs is directly changing their service offering to be more socially responsible. Bloomberg (2010) is concerned that Goldman Sachs is only changing this publicly as a way to clean its image. We recommend that Goldman Sachs continue to be responsible in their investments and not offer high risk investments in the United States. Summary Goldman Sachs has effectively developed several products that address the weaknesses we identified. If these services are carried out in a responsible way and conform to our recommendations, they will have a net positive effect on Goldman Sachs overall corporate image. However, if this new product set is treated merely as a quick image fix, their effectiveness will be lost and the impact could potentially end up more negative than before. Promotion In conjunction with their new service products, Goldman Sachs has also changed the way they approach promotion. We know that a traditional promotion mix includes advertising, internet/interactive marketing, publicity or public relations, sales promotion, word of mouth promotion, and personal selling. A successful Integrated Marketing Approach aligns all these communication efforts with corporate goals (Schulz, 2004). New Campaign Prior to 2010, Goldman Sachs relied almost exclusively on word of mouth and personal selling because of the nature of their products. In September of 2010, they launched a new campaign utilising more traditional mass media. They launched their first television, magazine, newspaper and online advertisements. According to David Wells, spokesman for Goldman Sachs, the new campaign is ‘expanding our communication to a broader audience in an effort to promote a better understanding of who we are and what we do’. From this, we can infer that their advertising objectives are to create awareness and correct misconceptions. Print, Television, Online The newspaper, magazine and online advertisements are all focused on the new service product in the Environmental Markets. They feature a field of wind turbines juxtaposed with a man in a hard hat. The headline is the aforementioned slogan ‘Progress is Everyone’s Business’ and a description of how investments in clean energy lead to job creation. The message appeals to the feelings and emotions as well as the logical, rational minds of consumers. The television advertisement however, is completely different in tone. It appeals primarily to the feelings and emotions. It features artistic, black and white shots of men and women in various outdoor scenes punctuated by a clear ball with a glowing interior. The voice over mentions concepts like, ‘security’, ‘heart’ and ‘focus’. The ad concludes with a call to visit the Goldman Sachs website. The Goldman Sachs website functions as part of the promotional mix and is designed to feature further detail on all of their products and services. When first logging on to the website, the first page says ‘Progress is Everyone’s Business’ and features links to what Goldman calls ‘Stories of Progress’. These stories are about investments that revitalised urban areas, or helped launch small businesses. Also on the website, a customer can view extended video advertisements describing the ’10,000 small businesses’ initiative, or read a vivid brochure about ’10,000 women’ on their micro sites. The Environmental Markets micro site gives a full description of all their services as well as links to Case Studies and Environmental Reports on the company for each year. Promotion (cont.) Summary and Recommendations Goldman Sachs developed these new campaigns as part of a revamped promotional mix in an effort to create a better understanding of who they are as a company. The campaigns are focused around the new products and are designed to increase public and ultimately brand opinion. We feel that independently, each campaign has strengths. The print campaign effectively promotes their new product diversity and appeals to consumers in multiple ways. The television advertisement is striking and designed to stand out amongst the noise. It also rightfully drives people to the website. The Goldman Sachs website is informative and entertaining, creates a strong brand image and promotes the new products in an easy to navigate layout. However, successful integrated marketing aligns all three of these. The print and television advertisements are disparate and unrelated. The print ad does not support website traffic. The primary weaknesses that we identified in our SWOT analysis are a lack of product diversity and poor public image. Goldman Sachs has created the diverse and socially responsible products, and we recommend that their promotional campaign highlight those particular products in an integrated way. The television, print and website should all highlight the Environmental Markets, ’10,000 women’ and ’10,000 small businesses’. If they are all aligned and designed in support of each other, it will help inform consumers about these products and create the awareness, correct the misconceptions and ultimately raise the Corporate Brand Opinion of Goldman Sachs. People Because the customer and the service provider must interact for the service to happen, the customer satisfaction is mostly dependent on the service provider (Fisk, 2008).Therefore an essential ingredient to any service provision is the use of appropriate staff and people. Recruiting the right staff and training them appropriately in the delivery of their service is essential if the Goldman Sachs wants to obtain a competitive advantage. Tierney et al (2003) stated that ‘the best service companies understand that their people are their only products’. Consumers make judgments and deliver perceptions of the service based on the employees they interact with. Employees We identified Goldman Sachs employees as one of their top strengths in our audit. According to Fortune (2011), Goldman Sachs has an unusually thorough hiring process that may include up to ten interviews. The recruiting stresses creativity and teamwork. We also previously noted that Warren Buffet referred to them as the ‘Best Brains’ in the business. In addition, most of Goldman Sachs’ 14 business principles are focused on the handling and diversity of its people. Goldman Sachs places an emphasis on employing people who will reflect the diversity of the communities and cultures in which it operate. According to Vault/InRoads Guide to Corporate Diversity (2010), they engage in minority outreach programs, providing scholarships for university and business school students, and diversity leadership training for its current employees. At this point, it seems that Goldman Sachs continues to effectively recruit, train and hire. It’s important that they maintain the ability to employ the best people, but we see no current threat to them losing their hold on the top personnel in the United States financial services industry. As part of the inseparability of service provider and customer, Fisk goes on to say that customers are often a co-producer of the service rendered. Therefore it is paramount that Goldman Sachs engages the diverse people that their new service products are designed for as those customers are critical to the success. Customers We believe that Goldman Sachs has effectively segmented the consumers most in need of their services and developed investment and education products to suit their needs. For example, the company initiated a group of women dealing with small businesses with the aim of raising a shared economic growth. From the ’10,000 women’ micro site: ‘Investing in women is one of the most effective ways to reduce inequality and facilitate inclusive economic growth. Investing in education for women has a significant multiplier effect, leading to more productive workers, healthier and better-educated families, and ultimately to more prosperous communities’.As long as they continue to reach the right people, they will successfully increase the perception of corporate social responsibility. Place, Process and Physical Evidence The service setting and service process are less important in Goldman Sachs business than product, promotion and people. Yet it is important to note that the place, process and physical evidence have changed in accordance with the new products. Order Takers Goldman Sachs place used to be unknown to most of their customers. The service process took place over the phone or email. At the rare times that a customer needed to meet face to face, they would physically go to a Goldman Sachs branch. As they have launched a new product and promotion effort, Goldman Sachs has also changed the place, process and physical location that they do business. There is a much larger element of pro-active selling than there was before. Client Engagement As a part of the new initiatives, Goldman Sachs service providers are spending more time engaging clients face to face. The Environmental Markets campaign requires representatives from Goldman Sachs to visit every business they are considering investing in or advising. The 10,000 Women has Goldman Sachs employees giving seminars and participating in outreach programs to encourage attendance in the academic pieces of the initiative. 10,000 Small Businesses is similar in the fact that it now requires Goldman Sachs employees to actively seek out small business investments. In addition, the company’s overall service process has transitioned more to meeting customers as opposed to phone sales. The transition from order taker, to outside sales firm is one that we completely support. If Goldman Sachs truly wants to engage the consumer and increase its Corporate Brand Image, meeting customers face to face is an important step. We have already established the advertising goals are to create awareness and correct misconception. We have also established that in a financial services company, the only product is the people. Therefore, we strongly recommend that Goldman Sachs continue to meet customers face to face whether through client visits or mass seminars. Having their people communicate the advertising message is an example of putting the most powerful resource behind their biggest need. Reference Leonidou, C. and Leonidou, L. (2009) Research into environmental marketing/management: a bibliographic analysis. EuropeanJournal of Marketing, 45 (1), pp. 69-103. Spotts, H. and Weinberger, M. (2010) Marketplace footprints: connecting marketing communications and corporate brands. European Journal of Marketing, 44 (5), pp. 591-609. How to cite Strategic Analysis (SWOT, Porter and PESTEL) of Goldman Sachs, Essay examples

The Classical Period Or Golden Age Of Greece free essay sample

A privileged person by birth, he was still emissarys strongest advocate. Later in Particles career, he conveyed an intriguing speech honoring soldiers who had fallen in early battles of the Peloponnesus War, a skirmish for power between Sparta and Athens that would eventually result in Athens defeat in 404 BCC, long after Particles own death. Despite the fact, Sparta and Athens united together to form the Delia league, to fight off the Persian threat in 478 BCC, by 450 BCC, Persia was no longer a threat, and Sparta sought to foment a large scale revolt against Athenian control of Delia league.Sparta formed it owns Peloponnesus ague, motivated at least partly by Ethanes use of Delia League funds to rebuild its acropolis. Particles resisted the rebellion vigorously, as Athenian preeminence among the Greeks was at stake. Soon after the Persian invasion in 480 BCC, the Athenians initially agreed to keep the acropolis in a state of ruin as a warning sign of the horrible price of war; however, Particles persuaded them to rebuild it. We will write a custom essay sample on The Classical Period Or Golden Age Of Greece or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Largely renovated with elaborate architecture and sculpture, it would become, Particles argued, a tinting memorial not only to the war but especially to Athens role in protecting the Athenian people.Particles placed the sculptor Aphids in charge of the sculptural program for the new buildings on the Acropolis, and Aphids may have been responsible for the architectural project as well. The centerpiece of the project was the Parthenon, a temple to honor Athena, which was completed the in 432 BCC after 1 5 years of construction. The Proclaim, was completed the exact year. Other temples were completed later, the Rejection (sass-406 BCC) and the Temple Athena Nikkei (sass BCC).The main architectures of the Acropolis project were Ictus, Calibrates, and Micelles. The Parthenon is known for its exquisite architectural perfection and Sculptural decoration. The decorations were in three main areas in the pediments at each end of the buildings, on the mottoes, or the square panels between the beam ends under the roof, and on the frieze that runs across the top of the outer wall of the cell. These sculptures present on overall ensue Of proportion and balance, and are appeared strikingly lifelike.Each columns on the Parthenon swells about one-third of the way up, a device called entails, to give a sense of breath or liveliness to the stone. Facing the Parthenon is the Porch of Maidens, it is supported by six caryatids, female figures serving as columns to illustrate the idea of the temple column as a kind of human figure. Today Greek culture has influenced many aspects of the way is being lived today. If it wasnt for their architectural ideas, we as a society would not be where we are now today.

Ethics in Business Statistics

Animal Farm by George Orwell (Eric Blair) Research Paper Example

Animal Farm by George Orwell (Eric Blair) Research Paper Example Animal Farm by George Orwell (Eric Blair) Paper Animal Farm by George Orwell (Eric Blair) Paper Essay Topic: Animal Farm George orwell Literature Animal Farm, by George Orwell (Eric Blair), was published in 1945 and is a political satire on Soviet Russia. The author wanted people to think about brutality, injustice and the way to bring about true socialism. The theme of this novel is frustration of human ideals and challenges. The story may be read at various levels; as an attack on Russian dictatorship, interpreted as a warning against the corrupting force of power or as a childrens story. Orwell also points to the errors of valuing intelligence above character. The satire in this novel takes the form of an animal fable. Orwell used allegory, when he tells us that the pigs slowly gathered all kinds of rights, he really means that the Communist Party leaders developed into a superior and advantaged sort. The book is full of symbolism. Orwell associates certain real characters with characters of the book. For example, Snowball was very similar to Napoleon in early stages: both Snowball and Napoleon wanted leadership in the new economic and political system. As time goes on both eventually realise that one of them will have to step down. They were always arguing. When differences become bigger Napoleon decides to eliminate Snowball. Napoleon tells all the animals on the farm that Snowball ruined their windmill, on which they had worked for ages. Snowball is exiled from the farm. Snowball represents Trotsky, the archrival of Stalin (Napoleon in Orwells novel). Trotsky was also exiled from Russia to Mexico where he was murdered by the NKVD (the Russian internal police. ) Another important character in Animal Farm is Boxer. Boxers name is cleverly used by Orwell as a metaphor on the Boxer Rebellion which started communism in Red China in the 20th century, and was much like Stalins distorted view of socialism. Boxer is used to represent the unskilled labour class in Russian society. This class was naturally drawn to Napoleon because it seemed as though they would benefit most from the new system, as they were not accustomed to the Good Life and so couldnt compare Napoleons government to their previous life and the rules of Jones (the Czars). As Boxer had great difficulty thinking for himself, once he accepted the pigs as his teacher he did as he was told. Later on Boxer becomes ill. When the pigs know that he is of no more use they let a glue truck come and take him away. In the novel there are many quotes, below I have listed two of my favourites with explanations. 1) At this there was a terrible baying sound outside, and nine enormous dogs wearing brass studded collars came bounding. They dashed straight for Snowball, who only sprang from his place just in time to escape their snapping jaws. These words describe Snowballs violent removal from Animal Farm, which parallels the split between Stalin and Trotsky. Napoleon, who is clearly losing contests for hearts and minds of lower animals to Snowball, turns to his private police force of dogs to enforce his supremacy. ) If you have your lower animals to contend with, he said, we have our lower classes! This, said by farmer Pilkington to Napoleon and his cabinet during a well catered retreat in the farmhouse, makes clear the process of corruption of ideas that has taken place throughout the novel. Pigs and farmers share a need to keep down their labouring Classes. This quote serves to stress the significance of Animal Farm as a social commentary, cementing the abstract link between the downtrodden animals and the working classes of the world. My conclusion is that Animal Farm clearly is a remarkable story. I think the pigs behaviour was totally out of order. The pigs knew they had an advantage over the other animals because they could read and the other animals couldnt, so, whenever they changed the rules on the end barn wall, none of the others realised because they were too ignorant. The pigs killed and starved animals and deprived them of their rights but they kept telling them it was for their own good and the animals didnt argue. In my opinion the book appeals to a more mature audience but still it was nice to read such a well written novel.

Abortion and Infanticide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Abortion and Infanticide - Essay Example Further, he goes on to say he is forced to conclude that abortion and infanticide are morally acceptable. By the condition an organism must have, it could be suggested that he means it possesses properties which give the right to life. He suggests both at the beginning and end of the essay, that species other than humans may actually satisfy the condition, or possess the properties that thus give them the right to life. If we accept this to be the case, thinking about the basic moral principles applied to right to life, then how humans treat animals is morally indefensible. Some philosophers might reason that that destroying other creatures as a means to survival of the human race is morally ethical. The potentiality principle described by the writer explains that the gradual and continuous development from zygote to human adult suggests that there is a property that is (i) possessed by human adults and (ii) gives any organism possessing this property a serious right to life. For any organism to have this right the property, it should be there on continuous basis instead of being gained during the course of life. So if any properties exist which satisfy (i) and (ii), possession of at least one of these means that any organism potentially possesses that property, because of its potentiality, (that it will come to have it during its development) then a right to life exists. The conservative standpoint does not need to define the properties, just the knowledge that adult humans possess them gives any human organism a right to life - the potential is there already. Abortion

Challenges for Immigrant Children and their Parents Research Paper

Challenges for Immigrant Children and their Parents - Research Paper Example There are several factors involved in the challenges that immigrant children and their families face. The influx of immigrants and their children are so great that the child welfare services are swamped by these sheer numbers on one side, and on the other side, there is the lack of ability in child welfare services to understand and meet the requirements of the immigrant children. Another factor in the well-being of the immigrant children and their families is the legal status of the immigrants, as different statuses carry with it the deriving of different levels of benefits and services. Another important challenge for immigrant children and their families is the lack of proficiency in the English language, as nearly all of the immigration come from countries, where there is limited exposure to the English language. This deficiency is likely to lead to the family falling in the low-income group, with the accompanying issue of the poor health status of the children. Understanding the challenges of immigrant children can be derived from the stages of migration framework, and the critical variables involved in it, and the factors that have an impact on each stage of migration. Factors that impinge on the different stages of migration include age, family background, urban or rural background, socioeconomic background, occupation, religion, and social support. The premature stage or the departure stage, transit or immediate stage, resettlement stage, and return to the country of origin stage make up the four stages in the stages of migration framework. This framework provides an understanding on the challenges that are faced by immigrant children and their families, which are important for child welfare social workers.

The World Film joural Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The World Film joural - Essay Example The film’s characters  exist  in  reality  making it more  real  and  intense; in fact, some of the cast resided in Rio de Janeiro at the time of shooting this film. City of God focuses on the tagline that if one chooses to  run,  the  beast  catches up with  them and, if they choose to  stay, the  beast  eats them. This is a moral dilemma which faces the characters in the film, who have to  choose  to either leave the crime-infested suburb or stay put and become affected by the organized crime. The film has received much acclaim on different aspects ranging from receiving four Academy Award nominations, the best writing (adaptation), directing, editing and cinematography. The film opens by chickens  being prepared  for a meal, but one of the chickens manages to escape and  is chased  by a  gang  member who meet Rocket, a  youth  who seems to  believe  that the gang is out to kill him. The film’s  excellent  cine matography comes out when the chicken halts between the Rocket and the armed gang member showing the  confusion  being witnessed  in the area by most young persons, unsure of which side to  follow; either the  bunch  of criminals or the  ordinary  person. Suddenly, we  are taken  back to Rocket’s childhood days where he is playing  soccer; here, we learn how the City of God  was established  in the late 1960s. ... This, in turn, endears the trio to the citizens, who  protect  the  former  and some young men even  idolize  them as heroes and saviors of the community. However, such idolization has detrimental effects for some of the boys in the City of God as seen through Li’l Dice, who manages to talk his counterparts into raiding a motel and robbing its occupants off their valuables. Being too young, Li’l Dice  is tasked  to serve as a lookout for the police, a move that angers Li’l Dice, who subsequently uses his issued gun to kill all the motel occupants. In the City of God, induction into the life of crime and gangs takes place at a tender age as evident through Li’l Dice  being given  a gun to  warn  his  crew  of police’ arrival. The law enforcement agencies  are brought  into the limelight upon the occurrence of the motel massacre. In the story, the police have a laid back attitude towards  criminal  gangs, choosing t o wait until a crime as grave as the massacre occurs before they  act  ((Lins and Entrekin, p. 113). Cohesion among members of criminal gangs is minimal as they  turn  against one another upon the slightest provocation. Li’l Dice, who appears to have enjoyed the act of killing, shots down his friend Goose after stealing from him. The film leaps forward into the 1970s where we note that Rocket has since joined a group of  youthful  hippies, the â€Å"Groovies†, who take part in smoking marijuana. Rocket’s  infatuation  with a girl draws him further towards his interest in photography.  However, his efforts of getting closer to the girl  are squashed  by â€Å"the Runts†, a group of young trouble seekers under the leadership of Li’l Dice who now refers to himself as Li’l Ze. Li’l Dice’s  evolution  into a drug king results in his wanton

State And Evaluate Aristotles Function Philosophy Essay

State And Evaluate Aristotles Function Philosophy Essay In Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle claims that to discover the human good we must identify the function of a human being. I will first explain this idea of Aristotles known as the function argument. He argues that the human function is rational activity. Our good is therefore rational activity performed well, which Aristotle takes to mean in accordance with virtue. I will then evaluate how Aristotles function argument has a great degree of relevance to Platos perception of happiness in the Republic. After Socrates tries to establish that the just life is the happiest and best, Plato Aristotles function argument is defined in book one of his book Nimoachean Ethics. The purpose of the book is to discover the human good, identified as happiness, at which we ought to aim in life. Aristotle tells us that everyone refers to this eudaimonia (happiness), but that people disagree about what it consists in (1.4 1095b). In 1.6, Aristotle suggests that we might arrive at a clearer conception of happiness if we first determine the ergon (function) of a human being (1.7 1097b). The explanation for this line of inquiry is that for all things that have a function or activity, the good and the well is thought to reside in the function (1.6 1097b). He presents the example of a flute player in the book to explain what he means by the function resides within the object conducting the activity. In order for one to be a flute player, one must know how to play the flute. Similarly, for one to be happy, happiness must exist within oneself. He also acknowledges that the human is a varia tion of the function, because the function of any task is absolute and perfect within itself. This concept can be further clarified using the example of the flute, there is an absolute and perfect way to play the flute, one of which we are incapable, therefore we play a slightly altered way, but it is still similar enough to its function form that we still consider the activity as playing the flute. The argument that follows establishes that human function is an active life of the element that has a rational principle (1.7 1098a). By this Aristotle means every action has a purpose for the sake of which others are done (1.7 1098a). The flute is played to create music, medicine is practiced to cure, and like this, every task has its purpose. Therefore, happiness is the activity of the rational part of the soul and in accordance with virtue (1.7 1098a). Any function that has a rational principle must therefore be a rational part of the soul, and because we live life seeking to find hap piness, happiness is a rational part of the soul making it a virtue. Aristotle defines virtue as a balance point between a deficiency and an excess of a trait. The point of greatest virtue lies not in the exact middle, but at a golden mean which is sometimes closer to one extreme than the other. For example, courage is the mean between cowardice and foolhardiness, confidence the mean between self-deprecation and vanity, and generosity the mean between miserliness and extravagance. Finding the golden mean requires common-sense, not necessarily high intelligence. Aristotle views virtue as an excellence at being human, a skill that helps a person survive, thrive, form meaningful relationships, and find happiness (CITATION). He also states that virtues are initially difficult, but become easier with practice and eventually become habit. Aristotles function argument, is a descendant of one offered by Plato at the end of the  ¬Ã‚ rst book of the Republic (Republic 352d-354b). Socrates tries establish that the just life is happiest and best, and he argues as follows. First of all, each thing has a function, which is what one can do only or best with that thing (R 352e). Furthermore, everything that has a function has a virtue, which enables it to perform its function well (R 352b-c). The function of the soul is taking care of things, ruling, deliberating, and the like, since these are activities you could not perform with anything except your soul. A few lines later Socrates also proposes that living is a function of the soul (R 353d). Since the soul only performs its function well if it has the virtue associated with its function, a good soul rules, takes care of things, and in general lives well, while a bad soul does all this badly (R 353e). Since earlier arguments have supposedly established that justice is the virtue of the soul, Plato concludes that the just soul lives well, and therefore is blessed and happy, while an unjust one lives badly and so is wretched. Both versions of the argument seem to depend on a connection between being a good person and having a good or happy life, and their aim is to connect both of these in turn to rationality. Aristotles version of the argument in particular has provoked a great deal of criticism, some of which I describe in the next section. In this essay, I offer an account of what Aristotle means by function and what the human function is, drawing on Aristotles metaphysical and psychological writings. I then reconstruct Aristotles argument in terms of the results. My purpose is to defend the function argument, and to show that when it is properly understood, it is possible to answer many of the objections that have been raised to it. For reasons I will explain below, I think it is essential to make good sense of the function argument, because the theoretical structure of the Nicomachean Ethics collapses without it. Part of the defense is conditional, and shows only that if one held Aristotles metaphysical beliefs, the function argument would seem as natural and obvious as it clearly seemed to him. But part of it is intended to be unconditional, and to show that, gien certain assumptions about reason and virtue, which, if not obvious, are certainly not crazy, the function argument is a good way to approach the question how to live well. The major differences that can be seen between these two arguments are seen when we examine the goals of both Plato and Aristotle. Plato has two main goals behind his argument, the first is to refute the position that injustice is better than justice. Secondly, his human function argument helps to set up the idea of his model cities, in which each person has a function and the city is virtuous when everyone performs their own function. Aristotle is examining happiness as the ultimate end and is searching for ways to get to that end. Thus, by proving that this good is found in the expression of reason, Aristotle is able to prescribe a path to happiness. If one fulfills ones function, expression of reason, and does so in an excellent manner, one will necessarily attain happiness. Another way in which the two arguments differ is on their actual conceptualization of what the human function is. For Plato, the human function is defined as deliberation, ruling, living and taking care of things. This differs greatly from Aristotle idea of the human function which is, to perform activities that express reason. Not only are these two definitions very different, but they illustrate the chasm between the ways that each philosopher is thinking of the concept of a human function. Plato thinks of it in terms of the persons place in society. His ideas of ruling, deliberatingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc pertain to the community in which one lives, and ones relation to it. Aristotle approaches the problem from a much more individualistic point of view. Expressing reason in ones action does not have anything to do with a relationship with other people or a community, but relates only to the individual. In conclusion, the biggest difference between Platos argument and Aristotles is their conceptualization of the concept of the human function. Also, their goals are vastly different. Plato uses his argument to refute those who would argue that injustice is beneficial and to set up his model city, in which virtue for the city is derived from each person fulfilling their function. Aristotle, on the other hand, uses his argument to directly set up a method for achieving the ultimate good.

Eminem - AKA Marshall Mathers :: essays research papers fc

Eminem, born as Marshall Mathers, has proven that with a lot of desire, drive and dedication, anybody can accomplish even their greatest of goals. Eminem was raised in the ghettos of East Detroit. He was bullied and victimized by other students in school. He worked to achieve his goal, against the odds. As a result, what he has become is one of America's most popular and successful music artists. Marshall "Eminem" Mathers was born on October 17, 1974, in Detroit, Michigan. After moving to Kansas, he and his family returned to Detroit and settled in a Black neighborhood. Records show that Marshall, while in school, was attacked and beaten by school bullies, on numerous occasions. On two occasions, Marshall was beaten into unconsciousness. Eminem's rap song "Brain Damage" is a true story of when a bully hit Marshall on the head and knocked him unconscious on the school playground. His ear began bleeding and he was hospitalized. It was discovered that he had a brain hemorrhage. He was in and out of consciousness for five days. (Rolling Stone) For Marshall, the road to success was long and hard. Marshall began rapping in 1990 at the "Hip Hop Shop" where he would participate in rap battles. On December 25, 1995 Eminem's girl friend, now wife, Kimberly Scott gave birth to his daughter, Haile. Eminem continued rapping and worked at a family restaurant in Detroit. Eminem, Kim and Haile lived in a crack-infested neighborhood where stray bullets and residential burglaries occurred often. In 1997 Eminem became unemployed, had no high school diploma and couldn't afford to support his family. He was tired of not having a record deal. He considered giving up rap. He decided to record the "Slim Shady EP" as his last hope to make it. His last attempt landed him a deal with Interscope Records and the next year, in 1998, with Dr. Dre's Aftermath label. On February 23, 1999 Eminem's "The Slim Shady LP" was released. The LP went triple platinum. Later he went on to win two Grammies. One for best rap solo performance ("My Name Is"), and another for best rap album ("The Slim Shady LP"). On May 23, 2000 Eminem released his second full-length album, "The Marshall Mathers LP". The second LP sold 1. Eminem - AKA Marshall Mathers :: essays research papers fc Eminem, born as Marshall Mathers, has proven that with a lot of desire, drive and dedication, anybody can accomplish even their greatest of goals. Eminem was raised in the ghettos of East Detroit. He was bullied and victimized by other students in school. He worked to achieve his goal, against the odds. As a result, what he has become is one of America's most popular and successful music artists. Marshall "Eminem" Mathers was born on October 17, 1974, in Detroit, Michigan. After moving to Kansas, he and his family returned to Detroit and settled in a Black neighborhood. Records show that Marshall, while in school, was attacked and beaten by school bullies, on numerous occasions. On two occasions, Marshall was beaten into unconsciousness. Eminem's rap song "Brain Damage" is a true story of when a bully hit Marshall on the head and knocked him unconscious on the school playground. His ear began bleeding and he was hospitalized. It was discovered that he had a brain hemorrhage. He was in and out of consciousness for five days. (Rolling Stone) For Marshall, the road to success was long and hard. Marshall began rapping in 1990 at the "Hip Hop Shop" where he would participate in rap battles. On December 25, 1995 Eminem's girl friend, now wife, Kimberly Scott gave birth to his daughter, Haile. Eminem continued rapping and worked at a family restaurant in Detroit. Eminem, Kim and Haile lived in a crack-infested neighborhood where stray bullets and residential burglaries occurred often. In 1997 Eminem became unemployed, had no high school diploma and couldn't afford to support his family. He was tired of not having a record deal. He considered giving up rap. He decided to record the "Slim Shady EP" as his last hope to make it. His last attempt landed him a deal with Interscope Records and the next year, in 1998, with Dr. Dre's Aftermath label. On February 23, 1999 Eminem's "The Slim Shady LP" was released. The LP went triple platinum. Later he went on to win two Grammies. One for best rap solo performance ("My Name Is"), and another for best rap album ("The Slim Shady LP"). On May 23, 2000 Eminem released his second full-length album, "The Marshall Mathers LP". The second LP sold 1.

Leadership Determines a Country

Claudia Ramirez Parrow Ap Euro P. 4 16 March 2013 Claudia Ramirez Parrow Ap Euro P. 4 16 March 2013 A country needs leadership in order to be successful and to keep peace in order. Some leaders take different routes in which they think would be the most successful for their country. However, one must keep in mind that a state will be affected by the leaders choices and actions. It has been stated that, â€Å" Leadership determines the fate of a country. † Spain has dealt with the outcomes of Phillip II leadership tactics.Phillip II inherited Spain, the Low Countries from his father Charles V. Phillips leadership determine the fate of Spain with being his orders he sent out to his people. He wanted to wipe out Protestantism and this led to his sister’s introduction to inquisition. Making the country more heavily taxed, a country with always be effected by their leaders decisions whether it be positive or negative. a countries people will live and participate in social ac tivity in a way that has been accustomed by its leader.The Spanish generals could not halt the fighting when Phillip sent twenty thousand Spanish troops under the duke of Alva to pacify the Low Countries. â€Å"pacification† meant the ruthless extermination of religious and political dissidents. After burying his fourth wife, he began to build a stronger devotion to religion for political help. He was completely inflexible, making the lives of his people harder. He differed little from the protestant reformers. He ruled the first global empire, making his focus and attention on maintaining that empire instead of the people in his country.In seventeenth century Spain, memory of the loss of the Spanish armada contributed to a spirit of defeatism. The political religious situation in central Europe deteriorated. Phillips authority affected the fate of Spain, by his main focuses and war like decisions. With being under his rule, Spain reached its height of power and influence, di recting explorations all around the world and settling the colonization of territories in all the known continents.

Relation between Economics and Law

Relation between Economics and Law The study of Law without the knowledge of other related social sciences i.e., Political theory, Sociology and Economics, etc, is incomplete. In any law curriculum the study of Economics and Law and their interaction is increasingly found necessary.As Law influence Economics, Economics also influence Law. As a matter of fact Economics forms the basis of the study of Law. Economics reflects the socio-economic ethos of the country in particular and world in general. It becomes out of date and misleading if the Economic ethos change. But it was proved to be wrong by Dalton. The organisation, industrial structure and performance have changed in the thirty years. E.g.: policy goals, policy instrument, Economic institutions.Economics derives its aims and objectives from the study of man and must derive at least a large part of its methodology from a study of Nature. Legal Economics is a vital part in understanding the interactional dimension of Law and Economics, i.e.,Economics Q & A, IVhow modern Economics can be used to illuminate a number of legal problems. It is not sufficiently realised that the economic analysis can aid our understanding of the Law and how economic factors limit and shape the operation of crime control and legal systems. Economic considerations have varied and widespread effects on the costs and benefits that prospective offenders may expect from crime, on decisions to litigate or to settle out to court, on the significance of legal costs the practical problems of legal administration and the provision of legal services. Law and legal policy help to determine the behaviour of the economy. There are extensive legal constraints on the allocation and the distribution of resources and on labour and housing markets.The social functions of Law are broadly classified into three:(1) Encouraging good behaviour and discouraging bad behaviour.(2) Facilitating the...

Essay Sample on the Role of Black Citizens in Elections

Essay Sample on the Role of Black Citizens in Elections Blacks or African Americans have gone a long way since the slave trading days, pre-civil war. They have successfully re-invented themselves into productive and rightful citizens of the United States. They were given right to vote and the Blacks history against Republican candidates became a tool that Democrats took advantage of in balancing the political power, by using Black votes, which composed a whooping 15% of the voting populace, against the Republicans. As stated by Walters, Black presence has often been decisive in determining the outcome of presidential elections (Walters, 1). However, even though Blacks were given such freedom to exercise their voting prowess, they are still considered a minority and don’t hold any important representations. They are merely used as tools, a strategic ploy by the Democrats to attract more votes and win more points through the support of the Black citizens over their rivals, the conservative Republicans. The cost of social (permanent racial minority) status based upon an imperfect social contract for Blacks is that rarely has it been possible to participate in crucial decisions such as the selection of national leadership in a manner which reflects the interests of Black (interests defined here as both racial preference and race-related issue preference) through what is called sincere or straightforward voting (Walters, 3). In addition, racism still plays an important role in determining whether American citizens are ready to accept a Black President. This matter can be traced back to the pre-civil war roots and although Blacks were given freedom, they are not yet free enough to take over or make a crucial point in US Presidential Elections. If you need custom essays, research papers, thesis papers, dissertations or term papers on Politics or other discipline feel free to contact our professional custom writing service.