The Idea of Relationship Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Idea of Relationship Marketing - Essay Example In this new method it was looked after that the individual transactions are important but it is more important to maintain long termed relationships with the customers. The basic fundamental of this format is to develop an understanding of the customer's views and needs thus it would enable the seller to provide a wide range of articles or service for a longer term. There are six fundamental principals or fundamental markets that are identified by Adrian Payne of Cranfield University in 1991. These are customer markets, influence markets, referral markets, recruitment markets, supplier markets and internal markets. (Fletcher, 2003) But there are specified criticisms to the approach of relationship marketing. According the critics this approach could hardly be evaluated as marketing. This is because this form defies the basic notion of marketing principal which states that the duty of market is to understand the need of the customer in the first place and provide the solution. On the contrary relationship marketing could be enumerated as an extended variation of management, persuasion and public relation. (Lamb, 2004) However, it could be stated in this context that t

The Simplex Solution Method Essay Example for Free

The Simplex Solution Method Essay The simplex method is a general mathematical solution technique for solving linear programming problems. In the simplex method, the model is put into the form of a table, and then a number of mathematical steps are performed on the table. These mathematical steps in effect replicate the process in graphical analysis of moving from one extreme point on the solution boundary to another. However, unlike the graphical method, in which we could simply search through all the solution points to find the best one, the simplex method moves from one better solution to another until the best one is found, and then it stops. The manual solution of a linear programming model using the simplex method can be a lengthy and tedious process.Years ago, manual application of the simplex method was the only means for solving a linear programming problem. Now computer solution is certainly preferred. However, knowledge of the simplex method can greatly enhance one’s understanding of linear programming. Computer software programs like QM for Windows or Excel spreadsheets provide solutions to linear programming problems, but they do not convey an in-depth understanding of how those solutions are derived. To a certain extent, graphical analysis provides an understanding of the solution process, and knowledge of the simplex method further expands on that understanding. In fact, computer solutions are usually derived using the simplex method. As a result, much of the terminology and notation used in computer software comes from the simplex method. Thus, for those students of management science who desire a more in-depth knowledge of linear programming, it is beneficial to study the simplex solution method as provided here.

Climate Change Impact On Marine Ecosystems Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate Change Impact On Marine Ecosystems Environmental Sciences Essay INTRODUCTION:- Extended periods of summers or winters, unusual rains, extreme droughts or floods and many more natural calamities that human started experiencing is depicting one phenomenon: Climate Change. Climate of any region refers to averaged weather over a period of 30 years or more and climate change refers to a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns, over a period ranging from decades to million. According to IPCC, climate change refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer, this could be naturally or can be caused by the anthropogenic agents. However United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) considers only those changes which are in addition to the natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods and are attributed directly or indirectly to human activi ty that alters the composition of the global atmosphere. Within the past 100 years global temperature has increased approximately 0.6  °C, and is projected to rise by 2 to 4  °C by the end of this century (IPCC 2007). This increase in earth surface temperature cause glaciers shrinkage, melting of ice, sea level rise, changes of large ocean currents, shifts in the rainfall, evaporation and runoff pattern and thus affecting regional weather system and considerably influencing human and other life forms. Carbon dioxide is considered to be the main causative force attributing to climate change along with other greenhouse gases like methane, nitrogen oxide etc., which induces the warming of earth surface. Climate change is the biggest global challenge before mankind and fisheries is one of the sector which seems to be under imminent threat as alteration in water flow, fluctuation in water temperature and alteration in water quality influences the metabolic rate which regulates the important activities like feeding, digestion, growth rate, maturation, breeding and survival of fish. According to Natural Resource Defence Council (NRDC) global warming lead to disappearance of Salmon and Trout as much as 18 to 38 per cent of their habitat by the year 2090. And India having a vast coast line (8129 kms) is highly vulnerable to effects brought about by climate change and the rise in sea level can cause an ecological disaster (UNEP, 1989). This articles deal with enlisting some of the major impacts climate change will have on marine fisheries. Impact on physical environments As the temperature is increasing, the oceans are warming, but with geographical differences and some decadal variability. Global average sea level has been rising since 1961, but the rate has been accelerated since 1993. Higher frequency and intensity climate processes, such as El Nià ±o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and decadal-scale regime shifts, are expected to continue, with possible increases in their intensity or/and frequency in coming decades. Warming is more intense in surface waters but is not exclusive to these, with the Atlantic showing particularly clear signs of deep warming. Changes in ocean salinity have been observed, with increasing in salinity in near-surface waters in the more evaporative regions near to equator, and high latitudes showing decreasing salinity due to greater precipitation, higher runoff, melting ice and advection. The oceans are also becoming more acidic, with likely negative consequences to many coral reef and calcium-bearing organisms. Although there are no clearly discernible net changes in ocean upwelling patterns, there are indications that their seasonality may be affected. It is very likely that over the short term (within a few years), there will be negative impacts on the physiology of fish in localities where temperature increases, through limiting oxygen transport. Impact on biological functions and fish stocks Although large regional differences exist, especially at regional scales, most models predict a slight decrease in primary production in the seas and oceans and many models predict composition shifts to smaller phytoplankton which are likely to lead to changes in food webs in general. Changes in fish distributions in response to climate variations have been observed, generally consisting of pole ward expansions of warmer-water species and pole ward contractions of colder-water species. Changes are likely to affect pelagic species more rapidly than other species groups. Some examples of responses to climate change by different marine species are discernible in the Indian seas. (1) Until 1985, almost the entire catch of Oil sardine and Indian mackerel was from the Malabar upwelling zone and the catch was either very low or there was no catch from latitudes north of 14  °N. In the last two decades, however, the catches from latitude 14  °N to 20  °N are increasing which shows an e xtension of distributional boundary and a positive correlation was found between the catches and sea surface temperature (SST). (2) During 1970-2007, the catches of Catfish from southwest and southeast coasts decreased. On the other hand, the catches from the northwest and northeast coasts increased during the same period. It shows the strong negative correlation between catfish catch and SST along the two southern coasts and positive correlation between catch and SST along the northern coasts and hence a good example of shift in latitudinal distribution and abundance (3) During 1985-1989, only 2% of mackerel catch was from bottom trawlers, and the rest of the catch was contributed by pelagic gear such as drift gillnet where as in 2003-2010, 15% of mackerel catch is contributed by bottom trawlers along the Indian coast which shows a shift in the depth of occurrence of mackerels. The Indian trawlers operate at a depth ranging from 20m to 80m by employing high opening trawlers. As the surface waters are also warming up, it appears that the mackerel, being a tropical fish, has extended its vertical boundary to deeper waters. (4) data on the number of female spawners of threadfin breams Nemipterus japonicus and N. mesoprion collected every month off Chennai (south-east coast of India) from 1981 to 2010 indicated a trend in the shifting of spawning season from warmer (April September) to cooler months (October March) was discernible. Impact on fishers and fishermen communities Other than the direct impact of climate change on the present day human life, there are a lot of indirect impacts which adversely affects the fisher which are as varied as the climate change themselves. Impacts would be felt through changes in capture, production and marketing costs, changes in sales prices, and possible increase in risks of damage or loss of infrastructure, fishing tools and housing. Fishery-dependent communities may also face increased vulnerability in terms of less stable livelihoods, decreases in availability or quality of fish for food, and safety risks due to fishing in harsher weather conditions and further from their landing sites. Within communities and households, existing gender issues related to differentiated access to resources and occupational change in markets, distribution and processing, where women currently play a significant role, may be heightened under conditions of stress and increased competition for resources and jobs stemming from climate c hange. Communities located in deltas, coral atolls and ice dominated coasts will also be particularly vulnerable to sea level rise and associated risks of flooding, saline intrusion and coastal erosion. Coastal communities and small island states without proper extreme weather adaptation programmes, in terms of infrastructure design, early warning systems and knowledge of appropriate behaviour, will also be at high risk. Salination of the agricultural fields due to seawater intrusion is negatively impacting the agriculture field, however this leads to taking aquaculture as major adaptive measure and thus adaptive role as an alternative livelihood, compensating for income and some aspects of food supply. Impact on Coral reef ecosystems Risks to coral reefs are not distributed equally. Three different time scales can be identified for climate change-related impacts to coral reef systems: years: increased temperature effects on coral bleaching; decades: increasing acidification and dissolution of carbonate structures of reefs; multidecades: weakening of structural integrity of reefs and increasing susceptibility to storms and erosion events. Increasing acidity (decreasing pH) is a significant and pervasive longer-term threat to coral reefs. Potential for coral reef systems to adapt to these environmental stresses is uncertain: symbiotic zooxanthellae may adapt to be more tolerant of high temperature whereas migration of corals to higher latitudes is unlikely. These declines in corals will have negative impacts on reef fish biodiversity along with the putting pressure on the integrity of the eco-system. Positive Impacts of climate change Some of the positive impacts includes Increased food conversion efficiencies growth rates due to warmer waters; Increased primary production would provide more food for filter-feeding invertebrates; Increased length of the growing season range expansions to pole wards due to decrease in ice; Sea level rise also has the potential to flood coastal land areas, mangrove and sea grass regions which may supply seed stock for aquaculture species. Shortened duration of larval cycles can also help in the availability of seeds. Potential adaptation measures in fisheries A wide range of adaptations is possible, either carried out in anticipation of future effects or in response to impacts once they have occurred. In general, responses to direct impacts of extreme events on fisheries infrastructure and communities are likely to be more effective if they are anticipatory, as part of long-term integrated management planning. However, preparation should be commensurate with risk, as excessive protective measures could themselves have negative social and economic impacts. Examples of potential adaptation measures in fisheries Impact of climate change on fisheries Potential adaptation measures Reduced yield Access higher value markets/ shifting targeted species. Increase effort or fishing power. Reduce costs to increase efficiency. Diversify livelihoods. Exit the fishery. Increased variability of yield Diversify livelihood. Design insurance schemes. Change in distribution of fisheries Migration of fishing effort/strategies and processing/distribution facilities. Reduced profitability Exit the fishery. Vulnerability of infrastructure and communities to flooding, sea level and surges Add new or improved physical defences. Managed retreat/accommodation. Rehabilitate infrastructure, design disaster response. Integrated coastal management. Set up early warning systems. Education. Increased dangers of fishing Set up weather warning system. Invest in improved vessel stability/safety/ communications. Influx of new fishers Support existing local management institutions, diversify livelihoods. Potential adaptation measures in post-harvest, distribution and markets Both capture fisheries and aquaculture feed into diverse and spatially extensive networks of supply and trade that connect production with consumers, adding significant value and generating important levels of employment. To some extent, this system can be used to provide an important mediation and buffering function to increasing variability in supply and source location, but direct impacts will also affect its ability to do so. A range of issues and adaptation measures can be considered. Table: Climate change-related impacts potential adaptation in post-harvest/distribution Impact on post harvest, distribution/markets Potential adaptation measures Reduced or more variable yields, supply timing Source products more widely, change species, add value, reduce losses Develop more flexible location strategies to access materials Improve communications and distribution systems Reduce costs to increase efficiency Diversify livelihoods Temperature, precipitation, other effects on post- harvest processes Change or improve processes and technologies Improve forecasting, information Vulnerability of infrastructure and communities to extreme events Add new or improved physical defences, accommodation to change Rehabilitate infrastructure, design disaster response Set up early warning systems, education Trade and market shocks Diversify markets and products Provide information services for anticipation of price or market shocks Management and institutional adaptations Ecosystem approaches to fisheries (EAF) and to aquaculture (EAA) that embed precautionary approach applications within integrated management (IM) across all sectors have the potential to increase ecosystem and community resilience and provide valuable frameworks for dealing with climate change. This would create flexible management systems and support decision-making under uncertainty. Where aquaculture could be used for adaptation in other sectors, planning would be required at appropriate system and management scales, such as watersheds, and estuaries. These approaches would serve to provide guidance in understanding and minimizing perverse incentives that lead to overcapacity, overfishing, excessive environmental impact and other harmful practices while, at the same time, defining positive incentives to meet sustainable development goals. Well defined sectoral performance criteria need to be set out to bring climate change threats, risks and potential adaptations within normal management practice. Public and private sector linkages and partnerships will be essential in developing efficient and effective responses. Market demands will be key mechanisms in supporting adaptation, and their impacts on equity among suppliers, intermediaries and consumers will need to be recognized and applied. Thus certification systems, including sustainability, organic, fair-trade and other criteria will need to be addressed more carefully in the context of climate change, and consider the potential for more vulnerable groups to take advantage of economic opportunity. Adaptation will need to contain strong mechanisms for equity, as increased competition may reduce access for poorer people and other vulnerable groups to production, employment and consumption. For the global issue of the climate change we can contribute through some of the goals which are given below: raising awareness of the impacts of climate change, to ensure that the special risks to the fishery sector are understood and used to plan national climate change responses, including setting of mitigation targets through mechanisms such as the Kyoto Protocol; reducing fuel subsidies granted to fishing fleets, to encourage energy efficiency and assist towards reducing overcapitalization in fisheries; supporting the use of static-gear pots, traps, longlines and gillnets, which uses less fuel than active gear such as trawls and seines and therefore emits less CO2; restoring mangroves and protecting coral reefs, which will contribute to CO2 absorption, coastal protection, fisheries and livelihoods; managing aquaculture to optimize carbon retention, reduce energy use and minimize impacts on mangroves and other important habitats; and Raising awareness through seafood campaigns, reducing food miles, and promoting corporate social responsibility in the commercial sector. promoting research on short- and medium-term climate change impacts to support the identification of vulnerability hot spots and the development of adaptation and mitigation strategies, including financing and risk reduction mechanisms aimed at enabling integrated and broader national planning; addressing other issues contributing to vulnerability of the sectors communities, such as access to markets and services, political representation and improved governance; and Engaging in long-term adaptation planning, including promotion of fisheries- and aquaculture related climate issues in Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers and National Adaptation Programs of Action, to address longer-term trends or potential large-scale shifts in resources or ecosystems.

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

We live in a time in which everything is categorized by lists, whether it’s a dreaded school rubric or a David Letterman Top Ten List. As the millennium turns, we are deluged with lists: the best books of the millennium, the greatest songs of the millennium, the most influential people of the millennium. Personally, I may be sick of all these lists, but no graduating class of 2006 could let this occasion slip by without one more list: The Top Ten Things I Learned in High School. So listen along and see if your experience parallels mine. Here goes: Lesson No. 10: It is 10 percent of the people who do 90 percent of the work. I’ve heard that, unfortunately, this is true in the real world, too. Whether we were organizing food drives or class activities or a pep assembly, the same people always came through, no matter how busy they already were. Lesson No. 9: Contrary to popular belief, there is free parking near the Key Arena. Get off the freeway at the Mercer Street exit; take a right on Third Avenue North, and a left on Valley. I am proud to say that we found street parking the... Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address We live in a time in which everything is categorized by lists, whether it’s a dreaded school rubric or a David Letterman Top Ten List. As the millennium turns, we are deluged with lists: the best books of the millennium, the greatest songs of the millennium, the most influential people of the millennium. Personally, I may be sick of all these lists, but no graduating class of 2006 could let this occasion slip by without one more list: The Top Ten Things I Learned in High School. So listen along and see if your experience parallels mine. Here goes: Lesson No. 10: It is 10 percent of the people who do 90 percent of the work. I’ve heard that, unfortunately, this is true in the real world, too. Whether we were organizing food drives or class activities or a pep assembly, the same people always came through, no matter how busy they already were. Lesson No. 9: Contrary to popular belief, there is free parking near the Key Arena. Get off the freeway at the Mercer Street exit; take a right on Third Avenue North, and a left on Valley. I am proud to say that we found street parking the...

Human Activity Causes Climate Change Essay

An American vice president, Al Gore, said that while the reason behind dinosaurs’ extinction over 65 million years ago was because of a giant asteroid, the species that are dying out every minute of our lives are not just because of some havocs, but it is US-human (Al Gore, 2006, internet). We are destroying our world indirectly which means we do not just go and kill those entire animals, but what has caused their extinction is due to â€Å"Climate Change† that is the result of the Natural Causes and Human Activities. We used to look at how natural causes have contributed to climate change, but human is now even playing a bigger role in causing climate change. Climate can be defined as the average weather effected by slow features such as oceans, precipitations, and clouds (Slaght, 2009, p34-41). Out of the two main causes of climatic alterations, natural cause is one of them. It refers to phenomenon such as forest fires, volcanic eruptions that cause tons of pollutants to our atmosphere, but also keeps the world in balance. For example, disasters such as volcano eruptions release at least 130 million tons of pollutants annually. Moreover, studies from the recent volcanic eruptions such as El Chichon, Mexico (1982), and Mount Pinatubo, Philippines (1991) showed that the sulfuric acid liquid drops from these volcanoes also subsidize the depletion of our ozone layer (Volcanic gases and their effects, internet). On the other hand, even if human have not existed on earth, carbon dioxide emission would still happen. Over 95% of the world emission came from what we call the natural cycle of CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) such as the decaying of organic materials, but whatever happens during the natural cycle of the earth’s CO2, it is already in the balance of nature or the environmental capacity that allowes how much CO2 can be stored (Common questions about climate change, 2006, internet). Therefore, as we can see nature has made a lot of contributions to the climate change; however, what they have been doing fo r these millions of years has already been adjusted by the world’s balance. Human, on the other hand, is the main cause of the consequences of climate change, especially in the 20th century, counting from the industrial revolution. Just the same as nature, we also release gases such as CO2 to our atmosphere. Some examples of these activities are the burning of fossil fuels and contaminated emission from factories and cars. Looking at the figure above, we can see that the emission of CO2 from ocean and vegetation range as high as from 332 to 439, but at the same time they absorb CO2 at a similar amount they release. Then again, the burning of fossil fuel and land use, only liberate as much as 29 amount of CO2 to the atmosphere, a very tiny amount compared to the ocean or vegetation. But, the question is why we are the main character that causes climate change? Unlike natural causes, man-made contributions to climate change are not a cycle, but a one way on-going process. We are releasing those harmful gases into the air, but at the same time never do anything to dissolve them back to maintain the atmospheric equilibrium. Our actions are causing extreme weather condition; meanwhile, the main concern that has been attracting a lot of awareness lately is â€Å"Global Warming†- the increase in global average weather due to natural or unnatural conditions or in short, the world is gradually getting hotter. Releasing abundantly to the atmosphere, which is the result from human activities such as the fossil fuels burning, small particles move into the air and make a change to the amount of energy that the atmosphere can reflect and absorb. Although the studies of these tiny particles have just started, it is less likely that its main goal is to cool down the Earth’s atmosphere, but to increase the temperature instead (Slaght, 2009, p34-41). Another example of the Earth’s climate adjustment would be â€Å"The Green House effect†. Green house effect can be known as the trapping of sunlight made by greenhouse gases such as CO2, CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbon) and CH4 (Methane) that bring about global warming and climate change. Sunlight gives the earth’s warmth. In the natural process, while some sunlight is penetrated to earth, some is bounced back to space known as infrared radiation. Conversely, what the greenhouse gases are doing is taking up the infrared radiation and shut in all the sun’s heat into the atmosphere (What are greenhouse, 2004). Even though these are the processes that happen on Earth without human intervention, we made a change to it  dramatically by speeding them up and at the same time adding numerous problems into it. Due to climate change, our ice caps are melting and our weather is changing, but what are happening in this human industrialization era, it is very unlikely that natural state has caused this. It is us and it has always been us that are causing all of these environment degradation and climate change. In conclusion, there are two causes of climate change; nevertheless, when the natural causes make very little changes to the Earth’s temperature and act as the process of balancing the world’s climate capacity, human activities are the main causes lead to climate change, due to its one way on-going procedures t hat speed up the imbalance of our Earth’s climate and result in many complications such as global warming and greenhouse effect. This is not what we can overcome easily in just a couple of years with a couple of solutions and people, but this is a global problem that every one of us has to work hand in hand to solve. The well-being of the world is in our hands and if we keep taking it for granted like what we are doing everyday, what is here for us might not be there for our children in the future.

EMU and the UK essays

EMU and the UK essays The idea of a single currency has already been mentioned in 1957 when the European Union was founded. During the following years several discussions about a Monetary Union took place, but without any achievements. The first steps towards the EMU were only made in 1992, when the members of the EC met in Maastricht. A timetable for the development of the EMU was created there. In the years after the treaty the preparation began. In 1999 exchange rates were irrevocably fixed and transactions started to be possible in Euros. The Eurozone consisted of 11 member states at this time, Greece became the 12th member in 2001. In December 2001 inhabitants of the Eurozone could get so-called "starter-kits" containing Euro-coins. In January 2002 also banknotes were introduced and in March 2002 the national currencies became invalid. (Barber and Naimark, 2001) Since the foundation of the European Monetary Union in 1992 there have always been arguments for and against a single currency. Despite all criticism the Euro is reality in twelve countries now. This fact has both advantages and disadvantages. The most obvious positive argument for the Euro is that transaction costs are saved. This concerns people who are travelling abroad within the Eurozone, but above all firms that import or export to other EMU countries. (Wren-Lewis, 2001) For firms that import or export much the transaction costs are sizable and are partly passed on to consumers through higher prizes. (Eudey, 1998). So, through the single currency consumers will get better prices. Estimations say that through the Euro 0,5 % of EC's GDP (Stavridis et al., 1996) or $ 30 Billion per year (Salvatore, 2002) will be saved. Another important fact is that the single currency eliminates the exchange-rate uncertainty.This should increase trade, as exchange-rate risk means a hidden cost on the transaction. (Eudey, 1998) Research has suggested that the Euro will boost trade by the factor of three...

Jelousy essays

Jelousy essays There are evil people in this world; greedy, manipulative, overbearing and jealous. Iago, in William Shakespeare's Othello, is an evil, malignant character. He uses people's goodness, integrity, and ignorance to get what he wants. When Othello's position is higher through character and status, Iago becomes jealous and decides that Othello must be eliminated. Iago is aware of the jealousy inside himself. Othello is a good man at heart, but is not aware of his evil and jealousy, and therefore will not be able to control it. Iago takes advantage of this and uses Othello's trust to manipulate Othello into revealing his true character. Iago, like any great manipulator, moves indirectly so he is never suspected. He uses Roderigo to get to Cassio, Desdemona, and Othello. Once the peace is disrupted, Iago moves directly to Othello. Everyone trusts Iago and believes that he is trying to do the best for them. Iago uses Roderigo to get Cassio in trouble with Othello. Since Roderigo is in love with Desdemona, "I confess it is my shame to be so found (of Desdemona)"(Act 1. Sc 3. Ln 360), Iago tells Roderigo that Cassio is in love with her and she in love with Cassio. "Desdemona is directly in love with him."(Act2. Sc1. Ln240) This upsets Roderigo and he is more prone to fight Cassio when told by Iago to do so. Roderigo does not just have Othello to compete with anymore; he has Cassio as well. Iago tells Roderigo that he can win Desdemona from Cassio by fighting and from Othello by following her to Cyprus. So Roderigo listens to and trusts the man, fights Cassio, sells his land and brings Iago to Cyprus. After the f ight Cassio is dismissed from his office by Othello. Iago wins. Cassio is in trouble, is no longer Othello's lieutenant and Iago is in Cyprus with Othello. He then moves in on Cassio. Cassio is another step closer for Iago's plan to cause Othello's demise. Iago convinces Cassio to ask Desdemona, Othello's wife, ...

The Gods of the Olmec

The Gods of the Olmec The mysterious Olmec Civilization flourished between roughly 1200 and 400 B.C. on Mexicos Gulf coast. Although there are still more mysteries than answers about this ancient culture, modern researchers have determined that religion was of great importance to the Olmec. Several supernatural beings appear and re-appear in the few examples of Olmec art that survive today. This has led archaeologists and ethnographers to tentatively identify a handful of Olmec gods. The Olmec Culture The Olmec culture was the first major Mesoamerican civilization, thriving in the steamy lowlands of Mexicos Gulf coast, mainly in the modern-day states of Tabasco and Veracruz. Their first major city, San Lorenzo (its original name has been lost to time) peaked around 1000 B.C. and was in serious decline by 900 B.C. The Olmec civilization had faded by 400 B.C.: no one is certain why. Later cultures, like the Aztec and the Maya, were heavily influenced by the Olmec. Today little survives of this grand civilization, but they left behind a rich artistic legacy including their majestic carved colossal heads. Olmec Religion Researchers have done a remarkable job of learning so much about Olmec religion and society. Archaeologist Richard Diehl has identified five elements of Olmec religion: a particular cosmos, a set of gods who interacted with mortals, a shaman class, specific rituals and sacred sites. Many specifics of these elements remain a mystery: for example, it is believed, but not proven, that one religious rite mimicked the transformation of a shaman into a were-jaguar. Complex A at La Venta is an Olmec ceremonial site which was largely preserved; much about Olmec religion was learned there. Olmec Gods The Olmec apparently had gods, or at least powerful supernatural beings, which were worshiped or respected in some way. Their names and functions - other than in the most general sense - have been lost over the ages. Olmec deities are represented in surviving stone carvings, cave paintings, and pottery. In most Mesoamerican art, gods are depicted as human-like  but are often more gruesome or imposing. Archaeologist Peter Joralemon, who has studied the Olmec extensively, has come up with a tentative identification of eight gods. These gods show a complicated mixture of human, bird, reptile and feline attributes. They include the Olmec Dragon, the Bird Monster, the Fish Monster, the Banded-eye God, the Maize God, the Water God, the Were-Jaguar and the Feathered Serpent. The Dragon, Bird Monster, and Fish Monster, when taken together, form the Olmec physical universe. The dragon represents the earth, the bird monster the skies and the fish monster the underworld. The Olmec Dragon The Olmec Dragon is depicted as a crocodile-like being, occasionally having human, eagle or jaguar features. His mouth, sometimes open in ancient carved images, is seen as a cave: perhaps, for this reason, the Olmec were fond of cave painting. The Olmec Dragon represented the Earth or at least the plane upon which humans lived. As such, he represented agriculture, fertility, fire and otherworldly things. The dragon may have been associated with the Olmec ruling classes or elite. This ancient creature may be the forebear of Aztec gods such as Cipactli, a crocodile god, or Xiuhtecuhtli, a fire god. The Bird Monster The Bird Monster represented the skies, sun, rulership, and agriculture. It is depicted as a fearsome bird, sometimes with reptilian features. The bird monster may have been the preferred god of the ruling class: carved likenesses of rulers sometimes are shown with bird monster symbols in their dress. The city once located at the La Venta archaeological site venerated the Bird Monster: its image appears there frequently, including on an important altar. The Fish Monster Also called the Shark Monster, the Fish Monster is thought to represent the underworld and appears as a frightening shark or fish with sharks teeth. Depictions of the Fish Monster have appeared in stone carvings, pottery, and small greenstone celts, but the most famous is on San Lorenzo Monument 58. On this massive stone carving, the Fish Monster appears with a fearsome mouth full of teeth, a large X on its back and a forked tail. Shark teeth excavated at San Lorenzo and La Venta suggest that the Fish Monster was honored in certain rituals. The Banded-Eye God Little is known about the mysterious Banded-eye God. Its name is a reflection of its appearance. It always appears in profile, with an almond shaped eye. A band or stripe passes behind or through the eye. The Banded-eye God appears more human than many of the other Olmec gods. It is found occasionally on pottery, but a good image appears on a famous Olmec statue, Las Limas Monument 1. The Maize God Because maize was such an important staple of life of the Olmec, its not surprising that they dedicated a god to its production. The Maize God appears as a human-ish figure with a stalk of corn growing out of his head. Like the Bird Monster, Maize God symbolism frequently appears on depictions of rulers. This could reflect the rulers responsibility to ensure bountiful crops for the people. The Water God The Water God often formed a divine team of sorts with the Maize God: the two are often associated with one another. The Olmec Water God appears as a chubby dwarf or infant with a gruesome face reminiscent of the Were-Jaguar. The Water Gods domain was likely not only water in general but also rivers, lakes and other water sources. The Water God appears on different forms of Olmec art, including large sculptures and smaller figurines and celts. It is possible that he is a forebear of later Mesoamerican water gods such as Chac and Tlaloc. The Were-Jaguar The Olmec were-jaguar is a most intriguing god. It appears as a human baby or infant with distinctly feline features, such as fangs, almond-shaped eyes and a cleft in his head. In some depictions, the were-jaguar baby is limp, as if it is dead or sleeping. Matthew W. Stirling proposed that the were-jaguar is the result of relations between a jaguar and a human female, but this theory is not universally accepted. The Feathered Serpent The Feathered Serpent is shown as a rattlesnake, either coiled or slithering, with feathers on its head. One excellent example is Monument 19 from La Venta. The feathered serpent is not very common in surviving Olmec art. Later incarnations such as Quetzalcoatl among the Aztecs or Kukulkan among the Maya seemingly had a much more important place in religion and daily life. Nevertheless, this common ancestor of the significant feathered serpents to come in Mesoamerican religion is considered important by researchers. Importance of the Olmec Gods The Olmec Gods are very important from an anthropological or cultural point of view and understanding them is critical to understanding Olmec civilization. The Olmec civilization, in turn, was the first major Mesoamerican culture and all of the later ones, such as the Aztec and Maya, borrowed heavily from these forebears. This is particularly visible in their pantheon. Most of the Olmec gods would evolve into major deities for later civilizations. The Feathered Serpent, for example, appears to have been a minor god to the Olmec, but it would rise to prominence in Aztec and Maya society. Research continues on the Olmec relics still in existence and at archaeological sites. Currently, there are still more questions than answers about the Olmec Gods: hopefully, future studies will illuminate their personalities even further. Sources: Coe, Michael D and Rex Koontz. Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs. 6th Edition. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2008 Diehl, Richard A. The Olmecs: Americas First Civilization. London: Thames and Hudson, 2004. Grove, David C. Cerros Sagradas Olmecas. Trans. Elisa Ramirez. Arqueologà ­a Mexicana Vol XV - Num. 87 (Sept-Oct 2007). P. 30-35. Miller, Mary and Karl Taube. An Illustrated Dictionary of the Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya. New York: Thames Hudson, 1993.

Freedom of speech and censorship Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Freedom of speech and censorship - Research Paper Example gislature, prompting a lawsuit by the Washington-based Americans United for Separation of Church and State on behalf of Unitarian, Jewish and Christian clergy and the Hindu American Foundation† (Are, 2009) Currently, in the US, the operating system is a free press. This principle is very time-honored and is part of the Constitution of the United States. If a person does not make foundationally libelous or slanderous claims in his or her existing reportage, they have the freedom to express and say what they want. The questioning of foundational issues of freedom of speech under the Constitution is a serious matter. Civil claims can restore some of what the citizen loses to undue censorship which affects them adversely, limiting their freedoms. In the court case of Ohio school newspaper workers suing for a free press, issues of the First Amendment can be seen. One article sets a tone of judicial review and proposes that paying attention to the case presented will aid school administrators in easing tensions about freedom of speech in student newspapers. These administrators, on the one hand, are likely to be overseeing schools with civics and social studies classes that stress the importance of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights (Norton, 2005). But on the other hand, they must look out for the whole of the school community and make sure that no one is using the school newspaper to violate the rights of their fellow students by being libelous, slanderous, or presenting explicit or offensive material to the individuals. In this case, a line between these duties has to be drawn somewhere—on the one hand, a paper that is highly censored and does not let students speak out freely in a reasonable way is not teaching them a very good lesson about the First Amendment; on the other hand, a newspaper that plays it fast and loose with censorship may wind up permitting one student to slander or do harm to the name of another, and face possible legal

Medieval mysticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Medieval mysticism - Essay Example Christian mysticism had something to do with direct experience with the divine in form of a vision of, or sense of union with God. Meditation, prayer or ascetic discipline usually accompanies it. In general, mysticism is a direct and immediate experience of the sacred, or the knowledge derived from such an experience. The experience is immediate and overwhelming, detached from the common experience of reality and is self-validating, without need of further evidence or justification. Outside the experience itself, one is incapable of expressing or understanding its essence. It is important to note that mysticism is not the same as magic, clairvoyance, parapsychology or occultism. Mystics are people who practice or believe in mysticism. They usually see their mystical experience as part of a larger task meant to bring human transformation and not as the terminus of their efforts. In Europe, mysticism flourished especially in Germany, Italy, the Low Countries and England from mid 13th to mid 15th century. Such mysticisms of that time are the ones referred to as medieval mysticisms. However, there is variation in the dating of the edges of these periods depending on different scholars. One of the most important sources of medieval mysticism is Saint Augustine of Hippo. He was born in the city of Thagaste, Algeria, to a Catholic mother named Monica and he has contributed to the western philosophy by promoting argument by analogy. He is also the most important figure in the ancient western church that produced works of high spiritual quality. In Roman Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion, he is a doctor of the church known for his Christian mystical sermons and the patron of the Augustinian religious order. His ideas also influenced philosophers like Immanuel Kant and Blaise Pascal, and the reformation leaders such as Martin

Discuss with reference to current working practice how the Essay

Discuss with reference to current working practice how the implementation of good risk management practice on the part of the en - Essay Example In addition, possible contractual disputes deserve to be resolved timely in order to avert possible financial losses that may be annexed upon their eventuality. On that note, it is wise to examine the possible risks that may amount to financial losses will undertaking a construction contract. Evaluation However, prior to venture into this quest, a reflection of the activities that comprise of a construction-engineering venture is essential for the provision of an insight on the study matter. Construction engineering entertains a fleet of events, including the assembly of materials from the sources or suppliers to the field of construction. This is a rather demanding activity since it involves the development of a safety store in the construction area prior to the establishment of the real facility described under the project. Apparently, a significant proportion of possible financial losses that may be annexed to construction contracts are built on the grounds of safety compromise. T he assessments of the possible risks that may be associated to this development include the loss of the facilities/ equipment utilized in construction. Such loss is realized under incidents such as theft and natural calamities; an eventuality that may cause severe dents to the financial archives of the proposed project (S.C.P.C.U. (2000). Subsequently, construction engineering involves the development of the designs that are to see the realization of substantial buildings with regard to their durability. This formulates the central reasons upon which the project contract is developed. All these elements amount to platforms that may eventuate to serious occurrence of significant financial risks during or before the contract period. This assertion calls for the development of ultimate measures towards their address. Subsequently, the involvement of a spree of diversified experts in the acquisition of the mentioned tasks, for examples the raw materials, implies that the process of cons truction is a mammoth task by its own self. Challenges amounting to logistical concern can lead to serious financial losses while procuring the contract. The details of the contract make a sincere effort towards the address of the possible risk that may eventuate from the execution of the project, including accidents to the deployed employees. However, the provided cover cannot be described as sufficient for the whole construction project in terms of the expenses that may be accrued from the occurrence of the anticipated risks. This observation prompts the evaluation of the possible risks that may be associated to construction in terms of the expenses they may annex to the whole exercise. The nature of risks associated to a construction-engineering project is grossly pegged on the magnitude of the project. This assertion can be utilized in the categorization of the whole concept, in that various projects can be characterized in accordance to the stipulations of the exercise. On this regard, the projects can be classified as either high financial risk or low financial risk projects. High financial risk projects involve the projects pursued under public environment, for example, road construction, stadia establishment and events of such relation. The financial risks that may be associated to such projects proceeds beyond the captions that may be availed

Chemistry Problems Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Chemistry Problems - Scholarship Essay Example As the activation energy decreases the rate of reaction increases. So the rate of the reaction would be fastest for the reaction with minimum activation energy (Ea = 10 kJ/mole). 19. From the data it can be seen that as the concentration of Br2 is doubled keeping the concentration of NO constant, the rate of reaction is doubled. This means that the reaction is first order with respect to Br2. 20. From the data it can be seen that as the concentration of reactant A is increased to 4 times, keeping the concentration of B and C constant, the rate of the reaction increases by 4 times. This means that the reaction is first order with respect to A. Similarly when the concentration of reactant A is increased to twice the value and that of reactant B is also increased to twice the value, keeping the concentration of reactant C constant, the rate of reaction increases to twice the value. As this increment is attributed to reactant A therefore the order of the reaction with respect to B is zero. 2. According to the Le Chatlier's principle, for a exothermic reaction if the temperature of the reaction is increased the value of the equilibrium constant decreases. As the equilibrium constant decreases the concentration of products is lowered. .. This means that the reaction is first order with respect to A. Similarly when the concentration of reactant A is increased to twice the value and that of reactant B is also increased to twice the value, keeping the concentration of reactant C constant, the rate of reaction increases to twice the value. As this increment is attributed to reactant A therefore the order of the reaction with respect to B is zero. 23. We know that for a first order reaction: t=1klnAt Therefore for a first order reaction, the plot of At versus t would be a logarithmic curve and not a straight line. 24. For the stoichiometry of the given reaction: 4 NH3 + 7 O2 4 NO2 + 6 H2O From the reaction it can be seen that highest moles of O2 are consumed in the reaction. Therefore it can be assumed that the O2 is removed the fastest during the reaction. Module 2 1. For the given reaction the equilibrium constant of the reaction can be given as: K= [HI]2H2I2=0.5520.15*0.33=6.11 2. According to the Le Chatlier's principle, for a exothermic reaction if the temperature of the reaction is increased the value of the equilibrium constant decreases. As the equilibrium constant decreases the concentration of products is lowered. 4. For the reaction: CO (g) + 3H2 (g) CH4 (g) + H2O (g) Q=CH4H2OCOH23=0.0620*0.05500.0450*0.1323=32.95 Given that equilibrium constant K=3.93. So Q>K and therefore the reaction would proceed in the backward direction. 7. For the reaction: 6CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l) C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2 (g) The equilibrium constant would be given by: K=C6H12O6O26CO26H2O6 As the activity for the solid and liquid compounds can be taken to be 1, therefore the net equilibrium constant would be given by: K=O26CO26 8. From the given data the initial molarity of NOCl is

Lewis and clark among the indians Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lewis and clark among the indians - Essay Example The American explorations have extended beyond the earth and now venture to delve into the interstellar space. But space adventure is insipid because it has more space for machines and the technicalities are beyond the comprehension of ordinary men. Ronda thinks that the story of Lewis and Clarke is more palpable as it is still accessible. It is possible to follow the footprints of Lewis and Clarke and hence Ronda gives the directive, " to get off the boat, and get on the bank". It is usual for American explorers to use casually terms like "wilderness" and "unknown" to describe homelands of native people. In fact these regions were the real milieu of Native American homes with their adjoining gardens and hunting lands. The journey of Lewis and Clark and their entourage, bearing the massive inventory of the expedition could not have completed the mission without co-operation and support of the natives. It is highly doubtful whether they would have survived in the rugged and hostile terrain without heavily relaying on the expertise of the natives for whom it was their home. The wealth of vital topographic knowledge about rivers, streams, hills, and passages might have been invaluable logistic support on their itinerary. Sacagawea epitomized in many ways the wide interaction between the natives and Corpse of Discovery. She was not merely a handy guide; her presence reassured the Native Page 3 Americans that the expedition was not a hostile military infringement on their domain. Her standing as the sister of Cameahwait, a Shoshone chief, who provided crucial assistance, which did contribute to the success of the expedition. In addition to that Sacagawea was a crucial link facilitating communication with her own people, the Shoshones. The expedition of Lewis and Clark was a command exploration ordered by the then United States President, Thomas Jefferson. Why did he order it There are a plethora of motives that goad explorers to brave the tumultuous waves of perilous oceans, to confront the dusty heat waves of the desert and to scale the precipitous cliffs. But social historians have narrowed down the motives of the states man to the inordinate craving of man for gold and glory. Ronda's book does highlight these motives found in this mission. The purchase of Louisiana in 1803 was an event that wet the American appetite for expansion. The U. S. Congress appropriated 2500 U S Dollars for this. The parameters of the exploration were set as the study of the Indian tribes, Botany, Geology, Western Terrain and wildlife and to evolve a strategy to contain the British and French-Canadian poachers who were some what well established in the region. Page 4 Another motive of the venture was to carve out a viable route and survey the possibility of opening up a fully operational waterway to aid the American expansion further westward. Though this objective could not be achieved, the first contact of Lewis and Clark

BUSINESS LAW Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

BUSINESS LAW - Assignment Example It was studied that many critics strictly protested against the Civil Justice System of the United Kingdom. According to them the civil justice system was inefficient, slow, unwelcoming and outdated. Many attempts were made to resolve these issues and failed until Lord Woolf came up with his report in 1996. The report had recommendations based on ADR and it was assured by Woolf that if these recommendations were implemented, a new landscape for English Civil Justice would be created. Some of the recommendations that were put forward in the report were as follows: The litigation should be less complex Litigation should be done in a shorter time with effective results The cost of litigation should be affordable to the parties who do not have much financial resources. Judges should be supported so that they can manage litigation according to the new rules. The reason why ADR was recommended in the report was to make the Justice system more efficient and reliable. ADR played a vital role in bringing a revolution in the English Civil Justice System and it now also implemented in many other countries. Give three types of ADR and say why they are likely to be used. There are generally three types of Alternative Dispute Resolution techniques that are commonly practiced in the United Kingdom. ... s of the respective parties put fewer efforts into resolving the disputes through legal processes than they do in negotiating and come to an agreement (Bazerman & Neale, 1992). This is basically done by the negotiators who concentrate more on problem solving and trying to satisfy both the parties rather than identifying who is right and who is wrong. In the process of negotiation both the parties have total control on the situation throughout. They are free to talk and present their points and can even back off if they are not able to satisfy each other. There is no involvement of the third party (Dukes, 1993). It is not important for the parties to hire skillful and trained attorneys to implement the process if they have the ability to negotiate themselves. It is likely to be used when the two parties expect to have an interaction in the future since it is less confrontational than litigation. Mediation In the process of mediation, an independent mediator gets involved and works wit h the two parties to resolve the dispute. Mediators are highly trained professionals who have the ability to help the parties communicate and come to a mutually satisfied agreement (Acland, 1990). However, mediators neither have any right to impose a rule on any of the two parties nor to make decisions for them. They are just a source of communication between them. Mediation is successful if two parties satisfy each other and sign a legal agreement in which they agree to abide. In case of unsuccessful mediation no agreement takes place and the parties are likely to take the dispute to the court. In mediation the parties are found to resolve the dispute in a shorter period of time. The parties can start the process of mediation even if they have filed the case in the court which is much

Chemistry Problems Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Chemistry Problems - Scholarship Essay Example As the activation energy decreases the rate of reaction increases. So the rate of the reaction would be fastest for the reaction with minimum activation energy (Ea = 10 kJ/mole). 19. From the data it can be seen that as the concentration of Br2 is doubled keeping the concentration of NO constant, the rate of reaction is doubled. This means that the reaction is first order with respect to Br2. 20. From the data it can be seen that as the concentration of reactant A is increased to 4 times, keeping the concentration of B and C constant, the rate of the reaction increases by 4 times. This means that the reaction is first order with respect to A. Similarly when the concentration of reactant A is increased to twice the value and that of reactant B is also increased to twice the value, keeping the concentration of reactant C constant, the rate of reaction increases to twice the value. As this increment is attributed to reactant A therefore the order of the reaction with respect to B is zero. 2. According to the Le Chatlier's principle, for a exothermic reaction if the temperature of the reaction is increased the value of the equilibrium constant decreases. As the equilibrium constant decreases the concentration of products is lowered. .. This means that the reaction is first order with respect to A. Similarly when the concentration of reactant A is increased to twice the value and that of reactant B is also increased to twice the value, keeping the concentration of reactant C constant, the rate of reaction increases to twice the value. As this increment is attributed to reactant A therefore the order of the reaction with respect to B is zero. 23. We know that for a first order reaction: t=1klnAt Therefore for a first order reaction, the plot of At versus t would be a logarithmic curve and not a straight line. 24. For the stoichiometry of the given reaction: 4 NH3 + 7 O2 4 NO2 + 6 H2O From the reaction it can be seen that highest moles of O2 are consumed in the reaction. Therefore it can be assumed that the O2 is removed the fastest during the reaction. Module 2 1. For the given reaction the equilibrium constant of the reaction can be given as: K= [HI]2H2I2=0.5520.15*0.33=6.11 2. According to the Le Chatlier's principle, for a exothermic reaction if the temperature of the reaction is increased the value of the equilibrium constant decreases. As the equilibrium constant decreases the concentration of products is lowered. 4. For the reaction: CO (g) + 3H2 (g) CH4 (g) + H2O (g) Q=CH4H2OCOH23=0.0620*0.05500.0450*0.1323=32.95 Given that equilibrium constant K=3.93. So Q>K and therefore the reaction would proceed in the backward direction. 7. For the reaction: 6CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l) C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2 (g) The equilibrium constant would be given by: K=C6H12O6O26CO26H2O6 As the activity for the solid and liquid compounds can be taken to be 1, therefore the net equilibrium constant would be given by: K=O26CO26 8. From the given data the initial molarity of NOCl is

BUSINESS LAW Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

BUSINESS LAW - Assignment Example It was studied that many critics strictly protested against the Civil Justice System of the United Kingdom. According to them the civil justice system was inefficient, slow, unwelcoming and outdated. Many attempts were made to resolve these issues and failed until Lord Woolf came up with his report in 1996. The report had recommendations based on ADR and it was assured by Woolf that if these recommendations were implemented, a new landscape for English Civil Justice would be created. Some of the recommendations that were put forward in the report were as follows: The litigation should be less complex Litigation should be done in a shorter time with effective results The cost of litigation should be affordable to the parties who do not have much financial resources. Judges should be supported so that they can manage litigation according to the new rules. The reason why ADR was recommended in the report was to make the Justice system more efficient and reliable. ADR played a vital role in bringing a revolution in the English Civil Justice System and it now also implemented in many other countries. Give three types of ADR and say why they are likely to be used. There are generally three types of Alternative Dispute Resolution techniques that are commonly practiced in the United Kingdom. ... s of the respective parties put fewer efforts into resolving the disputes through legal processes than they do in negotiating and come to an agreement (Bazerman & Neale, 1992). This is basically done by the negotiators who concentrate more on problem solving and trying to satisfy both the parties rather than identifying who is right and who is wrong. In the process of negotiation both the parties have total control on the situation throughout. They are free to talk and present their points and can even back off if they are not able to satisfy each other. There is no involvement of the third party (Dukes, 1993). It is not important for the parties to hire skillful and trained attorneys to implement the process if they have the ability to negotiate themselves. It is likely to be used when the two parties expect to have an interaction in the future since it is less confrontational than litigation. Mediation In the process of mediation, an independent mediator gets involved and works wit h the two parties to resolve the dispute. Mediators are highly trained professionals who have the ability to help the parties communicate and come to a mutually satisfied agreement (Acland, 1990). However, mediators neither have any right to impose a rule on any of the two parties nor to make decisions for them. They are just a source of communication between them. Mediation is successful if two parties satisfy each other and sign a legal agreement in which they agree to abide. In case of unsuccessful mediation no agreement takes place and the parties are likely to take the dispute to the court. In mediation the parties are found to resolve the dispute in a shorter period of time. The parties can start the process of mediation even if they have filed the case in the court which is much

Centrifugal fan failure Essay Example for Free

Centrifugal fan failure Essay Research conducted by (Reddy Gartling 2002) have historically illustrated that concurrence of towering order aural modes and occurrences within the fan housing and structural modes and occurrences of the impeller perform an integral aspect in vibrant loading of the impeller. Long understanding has proved that concurrence of the structural and aural dual joint diameter mode facades and frequencies is fastidiously lethal to the vibrant quivery loading of the impeller. The observable fact here is that a dual nodal diameter mode shape with its affiliated structural occurrence corresponds to the lowest shaft-self-sufficient impeller disk form considered most susceptible to pulsation. This report presents proof that the fan impeller was unsuccessful structurally owing to structural-acoustic blending, which emanates from a match in a dual nodal diameter form silhouettes and concurrencies. In the event to precluding such anomalies, overt happenstance, i.e., harmonizing of form prototype and concurrencies, ought to be shunned. The brunt of the compartment is not altering the acoustic concurrencies to any basic degree although, moderately, to deform the acoustic fashion figures adequately to lessen the extent of structural-acoustic pairing. (Reddy Gartling 2002) The composition forms of the impeller disk could interact in a special way with acoustic modes within the machine housing and, consequently, causing the disk to vibrate hence leading to a potential dysfunction. Nonetheless an exceptional condition of great apprehension is the state of absolute concurrence of composition and acoustic modes. The central structural forms susceptible on the impeller disk include; the plane diametral modes m, where m stands for the amount of complete structural brandish of the numeral of nodal breadths, the diametral form is collectively assimilated with the perimeter as well as the radial manner n, in addition to a complete mode order of m, n. the acoustic modes within a tube like machine housing are identified with diametral p, perimeter as well as radial q, and axial r mode orders, where p as well as q stands for the number of nodal diameters and nodal circles, repeatedly and r demonstrating the nodule hierarchy in the canister axial bearing. (Reddy Gartling 2002) Basis and Remedies of heat rise Functional temperature is a variable to consider in optimizing the viability of fan bearings. The functional temperature of wave bearing ought not to elongate far ahead of 200 degree centigrade. Uncharacteristic hotness smashes up bearing components, particularly the enclosure and fastens, and demeans the oil. Employing of comparatively stumpy thermal conductivity material could help to curtail the heat. Stainless steel for instance has low conductivity than carbon steel, hence could be the best material in minimizing the heat. Embedding a heat flinger; a diminutive centrifugal fan veer constructed from material with optimum thermal conductivity like aluminum to the tube flanking the fan housing and non drive end bearing also dissolves heat. (Kelecy, F 2005) Padded fan housing can also preclude heat emissions from blistering fan as well as heat shield. Insulation curtails on the exterior temperature of the casing perimeter, hence reducing radiation. A radiation guard, nonetheless, accumulates between the bearing and housing, securing the bearing assembly from direct emissions. The housing could be integrated into a protection for the flinger. Poorly maintained or even non-existent, insulation is a common anomaly visible in higher temperature applications. (Kelecy, F 2005) Other factors Low viscosity oil could be employed to curtail the heated emitted by friction within the bearing. However, the viscosity preclusion needed to lower the hotness proficiently could bring about an increase that is too light for adequate greasing. By and large, the lowest required (Kelecy, F 2005) viscosity at the bearing functional hotness is 70 SUS for sphere bearing and 100 SUS for spherical roller bearings. In conclusion, the functional bearing temperature differs almost directly measure for measure with ambient temperatures. Strategic fan positioning is the best way to control temperatures. Placing the fan in a cool region is preferred. Ceilings and corners should be avoided by all means possible since heat is highly concentrated at these points. (Eck S 1999) Maintaining proper lubrication Lubrication is an imperative aspect that maintains a proficient bearing operation. It’s important in the sense that is reduces friction at contact points in the bearing, protects the interior components from oxidation, thwart dusts as well as other impurities. (Eck S 1999) Monitoring vibration Vibration is also a supplementary aspect that could lead to fan dysfunction. Vibration hampers the fan rotor as well as the tube, creating fissures and eventually disastrous impairment. Bearing wear is also increased. Additional vibration is symptomatic (Eck S 1999) that the bearing may be supporting an excessive load and is put under hardships that finally break about the breakdown. References: Eck S (1999) Fans: Architecture and function. Oxford; London Press Kelecy, F (2005) Review illustrations and Model in Predicting Fan Behaviour; journal of articulate programme end users; Princeton University Press; Reddy Gartling (2002) The Finite Element Formulae in Radiation Transfer and Liquid Dynamics. Harvard University Press.

Risk Assessment Case Study

Risk Assessment Case Study C is a 14 year old boy who has a diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorder and learning disability. C is a very active young boy. His mother is a P.E teacher and has him involved in many outdoor activities. C loves being outdoors and doing practical hands on things such as cooking and outdoor activities. Although C is involved in various activities, these are all organised by his family. Mrs F feels that C constantly seeks reassurance when doing tasks etc. She would like to develop his dependence by involving him in activities which are not organised by the family. Furthermore Mrs F felt concerned that if anything were ever to happen to her or her husband, she would like to know that C has some experience within a different type of home care setting. I completed a UNOCINI assessment on C and a carers assessment on Mrs F. From that I felt that C would benefit from some time spent apart from the family. After completing the carers assessment with Mrs F, I determined that although the mai n reason for the parents was to develop Cs independence now that he is 14, I felt they would also benefit from these few hours of respite. The need for respite was not initially an issue however when I got Mrs F to think about her caring role and the level of caring responsibilities and how this impacted on her socially and emotionally, she acknowledged that yes, these few hours would act as respite for her as she care for C full-time when she comes home from work on weekdays and at the weekends. This option would help to develop his independence and get him more socially integrated in activities not organised by the family. I also identified two other services called Enable and Charis. The family were informed of these services and given the appropriate information. I left this information with the family so that they could make an informed decision. Mr and Mrs F agreed that they would definitely want to consider the option of the respite unit for C to attend for a few hours every week initially, with the view that they may want to increase this at a later date. The purpose of this piece of work is to carry out a risk assessment prior to C commencing the rest bite unit. This will need to consider any risks there are with C, how C may behave, what the triggers etc are and how the staff at O can best deal with these risks. Because there are significant behavioural problems with C, the risks are mainly centred around outdoor safety as he has a significant fear of dogs, his dislike of loud noises and consideration of his speech difficulties which will most likely result in communication difficulties. These factors all present risks to C and this meeting is an opportunity for Cs parents, a staff member from the unit, Cs teacher and I to come together, identify the risks, discuss how they are a risk to C and identify the best ways the staff can manage these risks. Legislation that will guide my practice As a student social worker I have a duty to practice in a professional and legal manner and it is important that I am aware of the legislation related to disability, which provides the mandate for the intervention. The Health and Personal Social Services (NI) Order (1972) sets out the role of social workers in Article 4 as having a duty to promote the well being of all the public. The Chronically Sick Disabled Persons Act 1978 legally obliges Personal Social Services to disseminate information, assess need, collect and maintain confidential information and provide Social Welfare Services to meet the needs of any person defined as chronically sick and/or disabled. Under this piece of legislation disabled people have the right to live in the community and be provided with appropriate support services. Under section one, authorities have a duty to inform themselves of the number and needs of handicapped persons in their areas and a duty to publicise available services. Section 2 lists various services which should be provided to meet the needs of disabled people including; social work support to families, adaptations to the home and including special equipment, holiday arrangements and meals (OliverSapey, 2006). An opportunity for C to develop his independence has been identified as a need for C. I have enquired into the services available and signposted the fam ily to these services. It is now their decision as to whether they want to avail of them or not. The Children (NI) Order 1995 is the main piece of legislation associated with the Childrens Disability Unit. This piece of legislation sets out the powers and duties of the Trust in relation to Children in Need and others. The Trust sets out clear assessment procedures for children in need which take account of any special needs. The order outlines that children with a disability will, in many cases, require continuing services throughout their lives therefore the assessment process needs to take account of any special needs and to take a longer perspective than for other children in need. A holistic assessment is needed to determine what is best needed for that child, taking into account the child and familys strengths, weaknesses and capacities. I have assessed the needs of C and his parents and from that I feel that I strongly feel this service will be of benefit to both C and his parents. Article 17 (c) defines a child in need as a child with a disability; C has a diagnosis of autism and learning disability and therefore is considered a child in need due to this disability. Also I am aware that in accordance with this legislation (Article 17 a b) I have a responsibility to ensure C achieves or maintains a reasonable standard of development or health through the provision of services. I will bear in mind Article 18 which sets out the trusts duty to support children in need. I had a duty to support C by carrying out an assessment of need which will allowed me to determine what type of support C required. Support may be provided in terms of providing services, signposting, referral to other agencies or the worker may provide emotional support, 1 to 1 work, advice, a listening ear etc. In this instance I have provided the appropriate support through signposting the family to two other services for C and I am in the process of providing them with a respite service. Within my work with children I am conscious that the welfare of the child is paramount and that this supersedes all else (Article 3 (1). To ensure I achieve this I have knowledge of and will make reference to The Welfare Checklist Article 3 (3) (Children NI Order 1995) The Disabled Persons Act (NI) 1989 also gives the mandate for the intervention. It gives individuals more control over their lives by providing them with the right to; representation, consultation, assessment, information this I consider to be my role. Carers also have the right to request an assessment and the ability to care is taken into consideration during the assessment process and when decisions are made. The legislation ensures that disabled people have equal opportunities in terms of services amongst other things. I have already completed a carers assessment with Mrs F which indicated that this service would also be of benefit for her as Cs carer. United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1991) set out for the first time, the rights of the child. Article 2 states, Whereby appropriate measures should be taken to ensure that the child is protected against all forms of discrimination or punishment on the basis of the status, activities, expressed opinions, or beliefs of the child, parents, legal guardians or family member and under article 6 whereby all children have the right to life and to the greatest possible opportunities to develop fully. It is hoped that through C spending some time away from his family, it will develop his independence. Under article 3, whereby in all actions the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration. In assessing the risks associated with C, we will be able to identify what the risks are, what the level of risk is, are there any triggers, what primary preventative strategies can be used to avoid these behaviors and reactions occurring, what secondary measures should be introduced if the behaviors become apparent, what reactive strategies should be required, specify any unmanaged risks and determine what should be the response following a behavioral incident. The Human Rights Act 1998 brought the European Convention of Human Rights into domestic law. Human rights are universal legal guarantees protecting individuals and groups against actions and omissions that affect their freedom and human dignity (SHSSB, 2004: 42). Every child has rights under the United Nation Convention on the Rights of the child 1989. Every child has a right to survival, developmental, protection and participation rights. Article 23 of the UNCRC states that a disabled child should enjoy a full and decent life, in conditions which ensure dignity, promote self reliance and facilitate the childs active participation in the community. I am mindful that the Data Protection Act (1998) must be adhered to at all times in order to ensure that information is accessed only by people who have a right to access it. This ensures that service user confidentiality is respected and that relevant and accurate information is stored. This legislation safeguards personal data i.e. personal information that is stored on computer and on relevant manual filing systems under eight principles. Policies and Procedures It is imperative that as an student of the trust I have knowledge of the Trust Policies and Procedures and how they inform my practice. It is important that I inform Mrs F about the complaints procedure and provide a leaflet advising individuals of how to make a complaint and express their views about the Trust services. It is important for the Trust to have feedback from service users as this enables the Trust to change and improve standards of services were appropriate. Furthermore it is important service users are aware of the confidentiality policy. I will explain to Mrs F that the information discussed within the meeting will be kept confidential. Theoretical Considerations Risk became a dominant preoccupation within Western society towards the end of the 20th century, to the point where we are now said to live in a risk society, with an emphasis on uncertainty, individualization and culpability (Beck, 1992). Social workers frequently have to deal with risk. Obvious examples would be when there are concerns about the safety of children. The process of assessing risk highlights the complexity of the social work role. The fact that decisions have to be made seems to require an element of control in peoples lives and this can cause conflict for some workers. The question often arises about the obvious power imbalance between the worker and the service user and issues can surface around care versus control. Burke and Cigno (2000) pose the question as to what degree of vulnerability in children reaches the degree of threshold for intervention, and what should be done to minimize the risks to children. These are difficult issues to reconcile. All parties concerned should be aware that allowing children to take a certain amount of risk is recognition of human beings to fulfill their potential. Denial of risk-taking greatly reduces steps towards independence and decreases quality of life. Trying to balance between parental and organisational protectiveness and acceptance of the childs need to take risks can be a difficult undertaking. There is also the problem of communicating effectively with children their wishes and needs. In the case of children and young people with learning difficulties, professionals are likely to have to learn additional ways of ascertaining the childs wishes and assessing his or her situation. All forms of risk need to be acknowledged in any assessment or evaluation (Trevithick, 2003: 115). A risk assessment is only valid for the situation which it has been carried out in and needs to be an ongoing process as the child develops. It is important to recognize that the situations of children and families are not static they are fluid and changing. Each individual risk has a lifespan and needs to be constantly monitored and reviewed. However, it is important not to give the concept of risk more weight than is needed by becoming too focused on controlling risks. Questions should be asked about whether or not the level of risk is acceptable, sometimes risk is inevitable and to try and control everything a person can or cannot do can be a breach of a persons basic human rights. The Bamfords Review of Mental Health and Learning Disability Equal Lives Group argued how service users want the chance to make their own choices in life and to be supported by the professionals around the m, not simply told what they can and cannot do. Hope and Sparks (2000) suggest that a risk assessment can only identify the problem of harm, assess the impact of it on key individuals, and pose intervention strategies which may diminish the risk or reduce harm. They do not believe that assessments can prevent risk completely. This is something which I would be inclined to agree with. Beckett and Maynard propose that control may be used to protect service users, staff and other members of the community and that by controlling the extent of potential risks that we are ensuring that the best possible care can be delivered. They feel that control used appropriately is not the opposite of care, but on the contrary is an expression of care. We should not fall into the simplistic idea that the use of statutory powers is necessarily oppressive or that working in other ways is necessarily anti-oppressive. There has been a concurrent growing mistrust of professionals in social work and an increased reliance by the profession on complex systems of assessment, monitoring and quality control (Stalker, 2003). Parton (1998) proposes that the blaming society is now more concerned with risk avoidance and defensive practice than with professional expertise and welfare development. However, risk is a normal and often beneficial part of everyday life. While it enables learning and understanding, in the case of potentially destructive consequences it may need to be monitored and restricted. The Southern Health and Social Care Trust (2008), define risk as the chance, great or small, that damage or an adverse outcome of some kind will occur as a result of a particular hazard. It is the threat that an event or some action will adversely affect the Trusts ability to successfully execute its strategies and achieve its objectives. It is a process of continual improvement which requires the identification, assessment, analysis, evaluation, treatment, monitoring and communication of risk. The Southern Trust Risk Management Strategy recognizes the need to reduce and eliminate or reduce all identifiable risk to the lowest practicable level. The trust is committed to achieving this through a holistic approach based on the principle that risk management is everybodys responsibility. There are two important models to consider when assessing risk, that of Brearley and that of Greg Kelly. Brearleys analysis of risk talks about predisposing hazards, which are factors that cannot be changed or are difficult to change before decisions are to be taken. He talks about situational hazards, which are factors specific to the situation that can be changed. Brearley also takes into account the strengths of the situation as factors that decrease the possibility of a poor or loss outcome. This is a positive step which may encourage families if their strengths are acknowledged. The Childrens (NI) Order 1995, promotes the welfare of the child and risk assessment and risk management are now a central part of the social work role and should acknowledged accordingly. Greg Kellys model is designed for use when there are serious concerns for the welfare of the child. It is designed to help clarify the issues in relation to the protection of children, to address key questions in decision making in situations where risk is present, what is the problem and how serious is it? The development of a non-technical language (strengths and weaknesses) has made the model useful in sharing and discussing issues with parents. What is very useful about this model is that it categorises risk. Thus to agree on the degree of risk is to agree on the harm that is more likely (high risk) or less likely (low risk) to occur in the absence of preventative measures. It inevitably involves a degree of predicting future events. Almost by definition taking decisions in situations of risk means taking them not in ideal circumstances and with less knowledge than we feel we need. Despite the dangers, however, childrens circumstances sometimes require that we take decisions base d on our best estimate of the risk of harm to them in a particular situation and at a particular time. The risk assessment pro-forma used at O respite unit is based on Greg Kellys model in that it categorises risk as high, low or medium. High Risk would be recent and regular occurrence of behaviour, for example in the past 3 months. Medium risk would be recent and only occasional occurrence in the past 3 months. Low risk would be seen as having happened in the past but would only have occurred very minimally in the past 3 months. The assessment here is not just the potential of risk of harm to the children, but also the individual measures staff can take to prevent the likelihood of the risk actualizing and any steps that management may need to take. Person centred planning is rooted in the belief that people with disabilities are entitled to the same rights, opportunities and choices as other members of the community. Person centred planning has been around for about twenty-five years and its principles are about sharing power with service users and community inclusion. This way of thinking insists that people with disabilities have the same quality of life and position in society which is equal to people without disabilities. It challenges the idea of grouping people together on the basis that they are perceived as needing the same level of assistance. Person centred planning asks how the client wants to live their life and ways that they think could make this possible and if they require any support with this. Person centred planning has five key features:- The person is at the centre, family members and friends are partners in planning, the plan reflects what is important to the person, their capacities and what support they require, the plan helps build the persons place in the community to welcome them. It is not just about services and reflects what is possible, not just what is available. The plan results in ongoing listening, learning, and further action. Putting the plan into action helps the person to achieve what they want out of life. Person centred planning is about the social worker facilitating the service user to take control of his or her own lives and move forward as much as is possible. Coulshed and Orme (2006) illustrate how it focuses on the individual as unique and special in their own situation. It is important for the social worker to develop a good relationship with the service users for this approach to be successful. It encourages the development of an equal, non-authoritarian relationship where both service user and social worker work together to establish a significant and meaningful relationship.  (Trevithick, 2006: 271) It is important in person-centred planning to work out what is important to the client but also what is important for the client, which can sometimes be difficult. This can even be simple things such as pen pictures which illustrate the things which are of most important to our clients. This can include information such as favourite foods, colours, clothes, possessions, people, activities or place. It is important to remember these principles when I am completing the risk assessment and ensuring that it is a personalised account of this child. Previous knowledge My knowledge of risk assessment is initially very limited. Although I have completed various UNOCINI assessments, and within that you are thinking about risk and identifying potential risks for that child or family if certain support networks or services etc are not put in place, this is not as extensive as this specific risk assessment I am to undertake with C. I read around the topic of risk assessment and took into account the different models, especially the Southern Trusts Risk Management Strategy. I also considered number 4 of NISCC objectives which was to manage risk to individuals, families, carers, groups, and communities, self and other colleagues. This increased my sense of purpose and direction in which the risk assessment was to take. I have good knowledge around C and the family as I had completed the initial assessment. I have previously met with Cs teacher which gave me an insight into Cs daily routine at school and explained the best way to communicate with C. Further to this I read a completed risk assessment which used the same pro-forma to gain a better understanding of how the information gathered should flow. It is important to have an understanding of what autism is and how it can impact on a person and their family as C has autism. Having shadowed the autism support worker few home visits to see children who have autism, I already had an insight into the importance of the schedule and routine for children who have autism. I had also previously increased my knowledge base by talking to the autism support worker within the team about the disorder and its effects. My first degree in Psychology also looked at autism and its effects on development so I have refreshed my memory and read my notes again. Tuning into my own feelings as a worker I feel a little nervous as I will be facilitating this meeting. I feel nervous about the fact that there will be other professionals such as Cs teacher and the social worker and manager from the respite unit. Furthermore, Mrs F is also a teacher. Considering Mrs Fs profession, she may have standards and I hope I am able to effectively facilitate the meeting in a professional manner which meets her standards. In saying this, I have met with Mrs F on a few occasions and I feel very comfortable with her. I want to be able to facilitate this meeting as effectively as possible in ensuring everyone gets an opportunity to contribute, all opinions are considered, all risks are identified and a plan is set in place which will effectively manage these risks. I feel slightly more confident in that I have met with the social work manager and Cs teacher before and feel I have built up a good rapport with Mrs F. Tuning Cs feelings C is unable to contribute to the meeting due to his learning disability. Tuning into parents feelings This is a new experience for Mrs F as she is Cs main carer and the only time they are ever apart is when C is away at school. She may be feeling anxious about considering the risks there are with C. She is placing a lot of trust in the staff at O in order to be aware of these risks and manage them. However this is an opportunity for Mrs F to inform the staff on how to best, most effectively manage the risks associates with C. In turn this meeting may consequently lessen Mrs Fs anxieties in knowing that we have identifies the relevant risks and we are fully aware of how to most appropriately manage these risks. This will hopefully provide reassurance for Mrs F in knowing that the relevant safeguards will be put in place prior to C commencing the unit. Skills It is important that I am able to analyze the information from the O assessment in order to determine if there are any risks, what they are, how they are currently managed and how they could be best managed by staff members. I have already analyzed what the risks are. I have determined that Cs communication is a risk as there is a risk he may become distressed if the staff at O do not understand him. I thus felt inviting Cs teacher to the meeting was important. I felt this could also act as an information sharing meeting whereby the people that C spends most time with such as his mother and teacher would be able to give input on how best to communicate with C. Cs teacher previously informed me that use of the PECS and super symbols would be essential to apply in order to effectively communicate with C, until such times as the staff familiarise themselves with C. The ability to analyze involves breaking a situation or issue down into its component parts so that the inter-connections a nd patterns can be uncovered (Thompson, 2005). I need to be able to analyze the information gathered to determine what the risks are, to determine the level of risk and determine what safe guards need to be put in place in order to try and reduce these risks. Communication has been defined as, the verbal and non verbal exchange of information, including all the ways in which knowledge is transmitted and received (Barker, 2003: 83). I will be facilitating this meeting and thus I need to communicate in a clear and concise fashion in explaining the purpose of the meeting, what I hope to cover, why and what I hope to achieve. I will explain the relevance of inviting Miss V, Cs teacher and explain how I hope she will be able to contribute to the meeting. This will reassure Miss V of her role, purpose and prepare her for what she may want to say with regard to how the staff can best communicate with C. I will similarly explain the relevance of why Cs parents are there also, in that they know C best as his parents and carers and their input and advice will be most valuable with regards to identifying any additional risks I may have missed, and how to manage these and give any input they wish throughout the meeting. This is also an opportunity fo r Cs parents to ask any additional questions, be reassured that we are aware of the risks involved with their son, the appropriate safeguards will be put in place to try and minimize the risks and what plan they have in place if something does happen to C. Negotiation skills are vital as a result of this Risk Assessment. I have invited the relevant persons to this meeting so important information can be shared with regard to how certain risks can be most effectively managed. Miss V, Cs teacher has a good insight into effective communication exchange techniques which will allow the staff and C to effectively communicate with each other and understand what C is communicating. This is vital in order to prevent C from feeling frustrated if noone understood what he was saying or what he wanted etc. I will be looking upon Mr and Mrs F are experts in their own family lives. Noone will know C better than themselves and thus their input is vital in indentifying any additional risks, how they can best be managed. Before we end the discussion, in order for the risk assessment to be effective I feel it is necessary that everyone negotiates on how the risks can most effectively be managed. Trevithick (2005) proposes that listening provides a creative opportunity to demonstrate our commitment and care. The essence of good listening is learning about how to reach the emotions and thoughts of others; it requires active involvement and engagement with the client. I am confident in my ability to convey that I am valuing Mrs Fs contribution as she is the expert her family life with C and Mrs Vs contribution as Cs teacher. Values I am committed to anti-oppressive practice and Thompsons PCS model of discrimination helps me to be mindful of this. Thompson analyses discrimination in terms of three levels: the personal, which highlights the feelings and attitudes at an individual level; the cultural which refers the social norms, and the structural level which is the way that oppression and discrimination can be institutionalised in society. Biesteck value principles are principles of the social worker-service user relationship which are deemed to be effective forms of practice. The principles are:- individualization, purposeful expression of feelings, controlled emotional involvement, acceptance, non-judgemental attitude, service user self-determination and confidentiality. I think these value principles have a lot to offer professionals. I think in terms of this risk assessment I will be aware of the importance of individualisation. This is a specific piece of work which directly impact on the care and support that C will receive while he is at O for respite. It is vital that the work is an accurate representation of C and his individual needs. Biestecks value principles are a useful checklist to ensure that we are practicing in an anti-oppressive manner. One of the core values that I believe to be relevant in all of my work is respect for the person I am working with. Valuing Ms F and treating her with dignity is fundamental to a good working relationship. This should be a part of my everyday practice, part of empowerment, participation and choice (Payne, 1998). Thompson acknowledged the importance of respecting persons and not treating them in a way that you would object to if other people treated you like that (Thompson, 2000). In order to build trust and a positive working relationship with Ms F, Rogers (1961) core conditions of empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard are vital. I need to be able to convey to Mrs F that I understand their situation and their feelings. In order to do this I need to be open and honest and convey warmth and a non-judgmental attitude to Mrs F. If my work is to be effective it needs to be based on partnership. I hope to convey to Mrs F that she will always will be the expert on herself and C and their family situation. Within a social work context, it is the service users who should define their own needs and dictate wherever possible how their needs should be met (Parker Bradley 2003). Useful pointers in developing a relationship based on partnership include: do not do most of the talking, do not put words into peoples mouths, help everyone feel comfortable, particularly Mrs F. Empowerment involves seeking to maximise the power of clients and to give them as much control as possible over their circumstances. It is the opposite of creating dependency and subjecting clients to agency power (Thompson 1993:80). I will be reminding Mrs F of the importance of her contribution in identifying any risks and advising on how she best manages those risks at present as no one knows C better than herself. Hopefully this reassurance will empower Mrs F to contribute as much as possible to the sharing of information.

Creationism vs. Evolution Essay examples -- Religion Science Religious

Creationism vs. Evolution This paper will focus on the huge controversy between Creationism and Evolution. I will provide two opposing viewpoints on this subject. First, the discussion will focus on the question of why many people believe that God created the universe and all living things. On the other end of the spectrum, scientific information will be presented that substantiates the evidence against the existence of God. This creationism counter-argument known as evolution has its roots in our contemporary understanding of a progressive process of natural evolution. This process shaped the nature of all living things beginning with single-cell organisms and ending with highly complex creatures such as humanoids. There are two possibilities in relation to the origin of life: Either a supernatural being (God) created life or all life evolved on its own. Many people, who are known as creationists believe that God created the earth and all the creatures in it. Then there are those who believe in evolution, which is supported by a plethora of facts and theories. Darwin is the most famous person associated with the theory of evolution. He suggested that humans had evolved, over a long period of time, from lower primates. He is also famous for the concept that coined the phrase â€Å"survival of the fittest.† Darwin’s evolutionary theory of life on earth argues that present day creatures that roam the earth are the outcome of billions of years in adaptations to constantly changing environments. Evolution is the idea that while organisms exhibit certain traits, they are not fixed and are able to be altered through progressive adaptation. Adaptation occurs through the passing of traits from an organism pa... ...al: The Case for Evolution. New York: Pantheon Books, 1982. Godfrey, Laurie, ed. Scientists Confront Creationism. New York: W.W. Norton, 1983. Science and creationism. (1999). Retrieved December 1, 2001 from the World Wide Web. http://books.nap.edu/html/creationism/human.html Spetner, Lee. Not by Chance! Shattering the Modern Theory of Evolution. Brooklyn, New York: Judaica Press 1997. Young world. (1996). Retrieved December 1, 2001 from the World Wide Web. http://www.christiananswers.net/q-aig/aig-c012.html Zondervan publishing house. Holy bible: New international version. (1986). Grand Rapids, Michigan. Zondervan publishing house. Holy bible: New international version. (1986). Grand Rapids, Michagan. (Genesis 1:26). Zondervan publishing house. Holy bible: New international version. (1986). Grand Rapids, Michagan. (Psalms 19:1-3)